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Paper 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Classical conditioning (CC)
        learning through making associations between things
        stimulus= trigger
        response= how we respond to stimulus
        conditioned= natural- doesn't have to be taught
        
        Pavlov's research studied dog's digestive systems
        dog shown food, salivate
        bell rung each time before food shown to dog
        after a while, dog salivated after bell rung but before food was given
        dog salivated in response to bell
        
        unconditioned stimulus (US): trigger that you don't have to be taught how to respond to
        unconditioned response(UR): natural response to the US
        neutral stimulus(NS): trigger that you have no response to
        conditioned stimulus(CS): trigger you've been trained to respond to
        conditioned response(CR): response that has been trained into you
        
        stimulus generalisation- if stimulus has similar characteristics to CS, response to dif stimulus will be same as response to CS stimulus discrimination- if dif stimulus is too dissimilar to CS, response to dif stimulus will not be same as response to CS
        time contiguity- association between NS and CS have to be at same time, if too far apart, no association will be made
      - Operant conditioning(OC)
        learning as a result of outcomes
        behaviour that leads to positive outcome (positive reinforcement + rewards), will be repeated
        behaviour that leads to negative outcome (negative reinforcement + punishment), will not be repeated
        outcome reinforces behaviour (make behaviour more/less likely to be repeated)
        
        Skinner's work
        animal placed in box carry out a task to get a reward (food)
        food positive reinforcement, action repeated
        animal learnt behaviour
        animal had to press level to stop electrical shocks
        quickly learnt to do this
    - - Bandura work - The Bobo doll experiment (1961)
  - - - Esteem needs- the esteem and respect of others and self-esteem and self-respect- a sense of competence
      - love and belongingness- receiving and giving love, affection, trust and acceptance. affiliating, being part of a group (family, friends, work)
      - Cognitive needs- knowledge and understanding, curiosity, exploration, need for meaning and predictability
      - Safety needs- protection from potentially dangerous objects or situations e.g. the elements, physically illness
        the treat is both physical and psychological
        importance of routine and familiarity :
      - aesthetic needs- beauty- in art and nature- symmetry, balance, order and form
      - Physiological needs- food, drink, oxygen, temp regulation, rest, activity, sex.
      - Self-actualisation- realising your full potential- 'becomong everything one is capable of becoming'
- - - - AO3
        positives
        more control- cause and effect
        more control- replicable (possible to test for reliability)
        negatives
        more control- artificial results?- not applicable to real world?
        demand characteristics- invalid data?
    - - AO3
        positives
        more mundane realism
        more external validity
        less demand characteristics
        negatives
        hard to replicate- less reliability
        less control- less internal validity
        no consent- ethical issues
    - - AO3 positives less ethical issues (consent most likely given) negatives demand characteristics- may act how they think the observers what to see
    - - AO3
        positives
        objective data
        doesn't influence pps behaviour (more natural?)
        negatives
        may not get full understanding (or inaccurate understanding) of pps behaviour
    - - AO3
        positives
        observer gets to understand the group, more detailed observations
        negatives
        can lose objectivity
        may miss a behaviour as not focused
        demand characteristics due to pps engaging with observer
    - - AO3
        positives
        less demand characteristics
        negatives
        ethical issues- not given consent
  - - - lab experiment but done in a more realistic setting
        IV- manipulated
        DV- recorded
        EVs- controlled
        less control then lab
        pps may not be aware they're being studied
        
        AO3
        positives
        less control- more realistic setting= more realistic results
        more mundane realism
        negatives
        pps not aware- ethical issues- no informed consent- no right to withdraw- might want to be studied
        less control- less reliability?
        less control- less cause and effect
    - - experimenter doesn't deliberately create the situation
        event occurs outside of their control (naturally occurring) no IV manipulated (but exists), DV recorded
        
        AO3
        positives
        realistic- results applicable to real world (valid)
        results totally applicable/relevant to situation being studied
        possible to study rare/interesting situations
        negatives
        very little control of EVs (internal validity), no cause and effect can be truly established
        less control of variables- hard to replicate- less reliability
    - - conducted in highly controlled conditions IV is manipulated to see if it has an effect on the DV
        all EVs are controlled
        if IV affects DV= cause and effect relationship
        pps aware they're in an experiment but may not know its aim
        pps may be asked to carry out specific tasks
        may not be natural tasks/materials
        need all these characteristics to be a lab experiment
        
        AO3
        positives
        high control- establish cause and effect (high internal validity)
        high control- replicability (high internal + external reliability)
        negatives
        high control- artificial environment/behaviour- artificial results (mundane realism?)
        results only applicable to experimental situations (low ecological validity?)
        IV + DV operationalised in a way that doesn't represent real life
        pps aware- not natural behaviour (may lead to demand characteristics)
    - - quasi= partly an experiment
        studying if IV affects DV but IV not manipulated
        IV already exists
        pps not randomly allocated to groups (already in groups)
        e.g. gender, age, job etc
        
        AO3
        positives
        can see difference between groups
        easy to find pps (time and money)
        negatives
        individual differences might affect groups
        less internal validity- cause and effect?
        no manipulation to IV- no cause and effect
  - - - AO3
        positives
        lots of data in a short period of time (cost + time effective
        researcher doesn't need to be there so respondent may reveal more
        may reduce social desirability effect
        closed questions: researcher doesn't need training to interpret answers
        data easy to analyse
        can compare responses from each pps answers
        open questions: can get more meaning than a exp/obs
        more valid data
        comes from respondent, their own answers, not experimenter's recording what they think- more valid?
      - AO3
        negatives
        closed questions- responses might not be precise (have to choose an option)- less valid answers?
        open questions- takes longer to interpret and analyse
        need training to analyse
        respondents might lie- invalid data
        possible low response rate
    - - unstructured interview
        set topics to cover but no set questions
        more like a convo, free-flowing
        respondent encouraged to explain and elaborate
        questions asked depends on what respondent says
        
        AO3
        positives
        more detail can be gained (meaningful) and relevant to respondent
        negatives
        interview needs skills to develop rapport
        takes longer to do and analyse
        demand characteristics can affect responses
      - semi-structured interview
        mixture of both
        lists of questions decided beforehand but order asked depends on flow of the convo
      - structured interview
        pre determined questions, asked in a fixed order
        like questionnaire but person to person
        
        AO3
        positives
        easy to interpret answers
        can be replicated (reliability)
        interview doesn't need training
        negatives
        less detail than unstructured
        presence of interviewer may affect responses (demand characteristics)