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U2 AC 2.3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Innovation
        
        Accept the goal but find illegal ways to achieve it - utilitarian crimes
      - Ritualism
        
        Give up striving for success. Plod along in a dead-end job
      - Retreatism
        
        Reject goals and means to achieve. Drop-outs, e.g. vagrants and drunks
      - Rebellion
        
        Reject goals and means, replacing them with new ones in order to change society - political radicals and alternative cultures. E.g. hippies
    - - Strengths
        
        Shows how normal and deviant behaviour arise from the same goals
        
        Explains why most crime in statistics is property crime and why working class crime rates are higher
      - Weaknesses
        
        Ignores crimes of wealthy
        
        Focuses on utilitarian crime only
        
        Only sees deviance as an individual response
  - - - For society to progress individuals with new ideas must challenge existing norms and values - this is deviance at first
    - - Crime unites society's members against wrongdoers, reinforcing the boundary between right and wrong
    - - For example, prostitution acts to release men's sexual frustrations without threatening the nuclear family
    - - Deviance indicates that a society isn't functioning properly so action can be taken to fix it
  - - - Does not suggest what the right amount of crime is for society to function properly
      - Crime is not functional for all - E.g. victims
    - - First to recognise that crime can have positive functions for society
- - - - These theories show how subcultures perform a function for their members by offering solutions to the problem of failing to achieve goals legitimately
      - Cloward and Ohlin show how different types of neighbourhood give rise to different illegitimate opportunities and subcultures
    - - Ignores crimes of wealthy and over-predicts working class crime
      - Assume everyone starts with mainstream goals and turns to a subculture when they fail to achieve them, but some people don't share those goals in the first place and may be attracted to crime for other reasons
      - Actual subcultures are not a clear cut as Cloward and Ohlin claim. Some show characteristics of all three types