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INDIA -depth study - Coggle Diagram
INDIA -depth study
Nature
Sepoys seized control in most northern cities (Agra, Lucknow and Cawnpore) and there was a short lives attempt to resurrect the old Mughal emporer as a figurehead
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Other revels were peasants who resented taxation or joined the rebellion to get back at feuding neighbours
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British rule was not entirely reasserted until June 1858 following a final battle at Gwalior, some 180 miles south of Delhi
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Consequences
- Post mutiny period produces increasing British presence add control
- the post mutiny era saw Britain use India in a way that provided compensation for the costs of suppressing the revolt
- e.g rapid extension of the rail network and tea trade
- 1858 India passed into the direct rule of the British crown and the internal wars in India had come to an end
- India had a single, centralised governemnt
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Government of India act 1858
- east India company’s territories in India were passed to the queen and the company ceased to exist
- the position of Secretary of State for India was created
- a counci of 15 members (the India council) with experience of Indian affairs was appointed to assist the Secretary of State for India
- The crown appointed a viceroy to replace the company’s Governor general
- the Indian civil service was placed under the control of Secretary of State
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1) end of the East India company
2) formal British rule imposed
3) British Indian army created
4) shift away from cultural imperialism
5) Victoria becomes empress of India
6) final end to Mughal empire
7) rights of higher castes to be protected
8) new Indian middle class
9) Indian nationalists
10) increased ration of British officers
The Illbert bill 1883
- proposed by viceroy Ripon allowed Indian judges to try cases with British and European defendants
- provoked much opposition from British community
- when enacted in 1884 contained compromise measures (50% of jury had to be European)
- controversy led Indians to lose faith in the British raj
Causes
East India company
- India granted a monopoly over English trade with Asia in 1600
- by 1750 it had large bases at Madras, Calcutta and Bombay
- after defeating France at the battle of Plassey in 1757 the company was to rule India until 1858
- it became aggressively expansionist, provoking the Indian mutiny of 1857
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Long term:
- Christian missionaries allowed into India 1818
- slow promotion for Indian officers within the army
- General enlistment act 1856 - sepoys to serve overseas too
- sati ban in all territories 1829
- east India company grew massively in strength
- landowners resentment
- increasing number of European officers
- special rights of high-caste sepoys rumoured to be under threat
- opening of European run schools
- the doctrine of lapse
Short term causes:
- Enfield rifle rumoured to be greased in cow far
- Mangal pandey opened fire on his officers
- he was hanged, regiments were disbanded but the mutiny turned into a full blown rebellion
- real trigger was the anger felt by landlords and nobles who had been deprived of their lands by Governor - general Dalhousie
The sepoys in Bengal refused to obey order in February 1857
- other battalions followed suit
at Meerut, outside Delhi sepoys turned on their British officers and a mob set upon local Europeans