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AC 3.3 = examine the limitations of agencies in achieving social control -…
AC 3.3 = examine the limitations of agencies in achieving social control
repeat offenders/recidivism
since 1993 to 2003 the prison population doubled (extra 41,000 people). at the end of November 2022, 92,900 people were in custody in England and Wales
anyone leaving custody who has served 2 days or more is now required to serve a minimum of 12 months under supervision in the community. as a result, the number of people recalled to custody following their release has increased dramatically. the recall population is now 19% higher than when the changes were introduced in February 2015, with nearly 1000 more people.
Bromley Briefings Prison Factfile for summer 2023 shows that repeat offending limits social control being achieved by prisons
42% of all adults are reconvicted within one year of release. rises to 63% for short sentences
58% of women are reconvicted within one year of leaving prison. rises to 73% for sentences less than 12 months
6 in 10 children (64%) reconvicted within a year of release. rises to 72% for sentences less than 12 months
links to SLT. slt suggests that offenders can learn from those around them and in prison may gain more criminal skills to continue reoffending when released. this is why prisons are often called 'universities of crime'
civil liberties and legal barriers
civil liberties include freedom of speech, freedom of movement, freedom of arbitrary arrest, freedom of assembly, freedom of association, freedom of religious worship
case study = in 2012 the european court of human rights ruled that the hate preacher could not be deported to Jordan due to the risk he would be tried on evidence obtained by torture. he was eventually deported
links to marxism. marxists would argue that such laws are necessary as they are imposed to provide equality and ensure that rules are applied equally to all people. they protect the working class from ruling elite making arbitrary judgements against them
civil liberties can limit social control, as people have the right to freedom of speech, movement etc. thus, it can be seen as a restriction on agencies such as the police in achieving social control. for instance, there are foreign nationals with criminal convictions who cannot be removed from the UK due to EU regulations. deportation cannot take place due to prisoners being in danger from their home country
access to resources and support
access to resources and support limits prisoners from being able to rehabilitate and therefore bring about social control. upon release from prison, an offender will face problems with finance, accommodation, employment, and training opportunities
Prison Reform Trust's Summer 2023 Bromley Briefings Prison Factfile:
only 8% of people are in PAID employment 6 weeks after leaving prison. after a year, rises to 17%
48% of people leave prison knowing they have safe accommodation. 12% sleep rough or are homeless
many people in prison are released with debts which have built up during their sentence
almost 3/4 of mens prisons were in need of improvement according to OFSTED
prison apprenticeship pathway = prisoners have access to do apprenticeships. scheme aims to provide job based training - cut £18 billion cost of reoffending
issues with support for offenders = discharge grant - £76 repeat offenders and people who have served less than 15 days are illegible for this grant. entitlement to housing benefits - once you are sentenced, housing benefits are stopped if you're expecting to be in prison for more than 13 weeks
finance
police service = 2/3rds of funding comes from central gov. most of rest comes from council tax. small amount comes in from charging for services such as policing football matches. between 2010-18 the police budget fell by 19%. led to a fall of 20,000 officers. £415 million of the total police funding settlement (£15.8 bil) goes to recruitment of extra officers
impact of limitations on social control = police are dropping investigations, 99% of rapes reported to police don't end in convictions, cases take on average 817 days to reach court and 63% of cases are closed because the victim has given up on the process, police have lack of specialist knowledge about rape cases, police not investigating minor offences
CPS = funded by gov via taxes. budget of this is controlled by Attorney's General's Office. in 2010, 25% of CPS budget was cut, 1/3 staff lost, less money to train staff - inexperienced staff - errors. PM says he wants to see dangerous criminals caught, locked up and punished - ordering an urgent review of sentencing policy and handling the CPS an extra £85million to deal with an expected rise in cases
impact of limitations on social control = lack of funding means inexperienced staff causing mistakes which can lead to miscarriage of justice. low rape convictions. only 1/200 fraud victims sees the perpetrator brought to justice
HM prison service = funded by gov via taxes, budget controlled by ministry of justice. in 2018 the total budget for prisoners was approx £3 billion - 16% lower than in 2010. this has resulted in cuts to staffing, with a 15% fall in number of prison officers. extra £2.2 billion in spending review to drive recovery in courts, prisons and probation.
impact of limitations on social control = overcrowding - prison pop at end of Nov 2022 was 82,900. most recent estimate is 98,700 by 2026. self harm and suicide in prison, staff retention remains a problem
NPS = funded by gov via taxes, controlled by MOJ. 19 of the 21 community rehabilitation companies missed targets for reducing reoffending and some were even supervising their offenders remotely by telephone. these contracts have been withdrawn - probation services in england and wales are not fully restored to public ownership
impact of limitations on social control = privatisation of the probation services was fundamentally flawed and that judges, victims, the public and offenders lacked confidence in it.