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Energy from fuels, Coal, Crude oil, Coal, Renewable and Non-renewable…
Energy from fuels
Fossil Fuels
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Ideal fuel
readily available, plentiful, cheap, provide high quality energy at a reasonable rate, have minimal impact on the environment
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Combustion
Combustion reactions
combustion is a process of chemical change or transformation that involves an element or compound burning in oxygen.
It is a redox reaction as it involves a transfer of electrons from the metal or non-metal (reducing agent) to oxygen (oxidising agent)
Metals form basic, ionic oxides while non-metals form acidic, covalent oxides
Types of Combustion
incomplete combustion
when the air supply is limited or when the compound has a high percentage carbon by mass, and it produces carbon monoxide and carbon (soot)
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complete combustion
complete combustion takes place when the supply of air is not limited, and it forms carbon dioxide and water as products
the complete combustion of hydrocarbon involves the breaking of carbon chains which results in the production of CO2 and H2O
hydrocarbon and alcohols are used as fuel as their combustion reaction releases energy at a reasonable rate to be useful. however, the reaction is not spontaneous as though they are energetically less stable as compared to their combustion products, they are kinetically stable, and hence have a sufficiently high activation energy for them to be stored and transported safely
Coal
Formation
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it is a combustible sedimentary rock formed from the remains of plant life that is subjected to geological heat and pressure, which changed the plant material in stages to increase percentage of carbon content
Contains 80 - 90% carbon content by mass ; it occurs in many areas around the world but mainly in the northern atmosphere
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Crude oil
Formation
complex mixture of straight chained, branched chain saturated alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics compounds, as well as in small amounts, compounds of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
it is formed over millions of years from the remains of marine organisms (plants and animals) that are trapped under layers of rocks. under conditions of high temperature, high pressure, presence of bacteria and absence of air, the organic matter will decay
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Uses
important chemical feedback for the production of important organic compounds, such as polymers, pharmaceuticals, dyes and solvents
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Coal
Advantages
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easily transported in pipelines so little energy is required to transport it from the ground to consumers
Formation
formed millions of years ago by the action of heat, pressure and maybe bacteria on buried organic matter. the gas is trapped in geological formations, capped under impermeable rocks.
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formed by the decomposition of coal and crude oil deposits (occur naturally on its own as a layer above oil reservoir or dissolved under pressure in oil)
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incomplete combustion produces less heat as compared to complete combustion ==> the formation of carbon dioxide is more exothermic than the formation of carbon monoxide and carbon
coal, crude oil and natural gases are examples of fossil fuels
- Used at a rate that is faster than it can be replenished
- Trees that are chopped down to provide fuel can be replanted
- takes millions of years to form