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Azucena Soto, period 5, Endocrine System, image, image, image, image,…

- - - - It is connected to the pituitary gland by the infundibulum, is key when it comes to controlling balance, sleep, temp, appetite and BP
    - - had neural connections to hypothalamus via the hypothalamic hypophysea tract (runs through the infundibulum)
        
        Posterior pituitary : secretes oxytocin and ADH (targets are kidneys, breast cells and more
        oxytocin: strong stimulant of uterine contractions, also a hormonal trigger for milk ejection. Uses positive feedback as the mechanism that acts as neurotransmitters in the brain
        Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
        -causes kidneys to release less water and decrease the amount of urine produced
        -releases: triggered by pain, low BP and drugs
        -Inhibited by alcohol and drugs
        -targets: kidney tubules, helps prevent urine formation
        -if concentration too high, posterior pituitary triggers to secrete ADH
        
        Anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis: is made up of glanular tissue
        (made up of six hormones)
        -GH (growth hormone, indirect/helps body and people develop, direct/aids in metabolism)
        -Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH); stimulates the development of the secretion of the thyroid; it is inhibited by the rising blood levels of thyroid hormones
        -ACTH; stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids
        -Gonadotropins (FSH and LH)
        -prolactin (PRL); stimulates milk production in females;
        targets: liver, kidneys, thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, ovaries, eggs, sperm, hypothalamus and even mammary glands
    - - Secretes melatonin:
        -regulates day/night cycles
        -affects the timing of sexual maturation and puberty
        -affects body temp, sleep, appetite and the production of antioxidant and detoxification molecules in cells; target is the brain
  - - - Thyroid gland: releases TH and is found in T4 and T3 it affects every cell in the body and can increase basal metabolic rate, heat production, tissue growth regulation, development and the maintaining of BP, it also releases calcitonin; the antagonist to PTH and it is the response to Ca2+ levels
        
        Parathyroid gland : located in the corners of the thyroid; secretes PTH and parathormone. It is the most important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis, it is secreted in response to low blood levels of Ca2+ and functions to stimulate osteoclasts to digest bone matrix and release Ca2+ into the blood, it also promotes the activation of vitamin D by the kidneys and enhances the reabsorption of Ca2+
  - - - Adrenal glands:
        Adrenal cortex: 3 layers of granular tissue
        -produces corticosteroids (not stored in cells)
        -produces mineralocorticoids (1), gluccorticoids (2), and gonadorticoids
        (1) regulated electrolyte concentrations and contains Aldosterone which stimulates sodium reabsorbtion by kidneys
        (2) influences metabolism, keeps blood glucose levels constant, and include cortisol, cortison(patterns of eating and activity), increases blood levels in glucose, fatty acids and amino acids and corticosterone
        (3) the adrenal sex hormone, contribute/ may contribute to onset of puberty and apperance of 2ndary sex characteristics, sex drive (in women), and the source of estrogens in postmenopausal women, also weak androgens (male sex hormones), some converted to testosterone and others to estrogens
        
        Adrenal medulla: nervous tissue, a part of SNS
        -Synthesizes epinephrine (80%/ more a stimulator of metabolic activities) and norepinephrine (20%/has more of an influence on peripheral vasoconstriction and BP) (ALSO CALLED CATECHOLAMINES)
        effects include: vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, increased blood glucose levels, blood diverted to the brain, heart and skeletal muscle
        responds to : stressors of brief, not like adrenal cortical hormones
        medulla targets: heart, lungs and airways, adrenal glands and eyes, cortex targets liver, kidneys and more
        
        Kidneys:
        erythropoietin that indicates the production of RBC's
        
        Gastrointestinal tract:
        enteroendocrine cells and secrete Gastrin: stimulates the release of HCL and Secretin which stimulates the liver and pancreas
        Adipose tissue: releases Leptin (appetite control) and Resistin (the insulin antagonist)
        Skeleton: osteoblasts secrete osteocalcin; prods pancreas, restricts fast storage and reduces body fat
  - - - Placenta:secretes estrogens, progesterone and nCG (human chronic gonadotropin)