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Endocrine System Leslie Vargas-Gonzalez | Period 5 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - ADH deficiency due to damage to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary
  - - - Gigantism in children
      - Acromegaly in adults
    - - Pituitary dwarfism in children
  - - - excessive insulin secretion
      - causes hypoglycemia: low blood glucose levels
    - - <- Cardinal Signs of DM
        
        Polyuria: huge urine output - glucose acts as osmotic diuretic
        
        Polydipsia: excessive thirst - from water loss due to polyuria
        
        Polyphagia: excessive hunger and food consumption
      - Lipidemia
        
        high levels of fatty acids in blood
        
        fatty acid metabolism results in formation of ketones
        
        build-up in blood can cause ketoacidosis and ketonuria: ketone bodies in urine
      - can be due to hypsecretion of insulin (Type 1) or hypoactivity of insulin (Type 2)
  - - - if due to lack of iodine, a goiter may develop -
    - - autoimmune disease; body makes abnormal antibodies directed against thyroid follicular cells
    - - poor development of thyroid gland
  - - - depresses cartilage/bone formation and immune system; inhibits inflammation; disputes neural, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal function
    - - deficits in glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids; decrease in plasma glucose and Na levels
- - - - Glucagon
        
        Raises blood glucose levels by targeting liver to:
        
        break down glycogen into glucose
        
        synthesize glucose from lactic acid and other noncarbohydrates
        
        release glucose into blood
      - Insulin
        
        lowers blood glucose (liver) in three ways:
        
        enhances membrane transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells
        
        inhibits breakdown of glycogen to glucose
        
        inhibits conversion of amino acids or fats to glucose
    - - Adrenal Medulla
        
        Epinephrine
        
        sympathetic nervous system
        
        Norepinephrine
        
        sympatheic nervous system
        
        vasoconstriction
        
        increased heart rate / blood glucose levels
        
        blood diverted to brain, heart, and skeletal muscle
      - Adrenal Cortex
        
        Mineralocorticoids
        
        regulate electrolyte concentrations
        
        Aldosterone
        
        stimulates Na+ reabsorption by kidneys: result in increased blood volume & BP
        
        stimulates K+ elimination by kidneys
        
        Glucocortcoids
        
        Cortisol
        
        Influence metabolism of most cells and help us resist stressors
        
        keep blood glucose levels constant
        
        Maintain BP by increasing action of vasoconstrictors
        
        Gonadcorticoids
        
        weak androgens converted to testosterone in tissue cells and some to estrogen
        
        Contribute to:
        
        onset of puberty and appearance of secondary sex characteristics
        
        sex drive in women
        
        source of estrogens in postmenopausal women
  - - - Testosterone
        
        Spermatogenesis / accessory organs
    - - Progesteron
        
        uterus; developing fetus; pregnancy
    - - Estrogen
        
        ovaries/uterus
        
        maturation of reproductive organs
        
        appearance of secondary sexual characteristics
      - Progesterone
        
        uterus; helps with pregnancy
  - - - Parathyroid hormone
        
        secreted in response to low blood levels of Ca+
    - - Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodothyronine (T3)
        
        enters target cell and bind to intracellular receptors within nucleus
      - Calcitonin
        
        produced by parafollicular (C) cells in response to high Ca+ levels Targets bones; inhibits osteoclast activity and prevents release of Ca+ from bone matrix
      - effects of thyroid hormone include:
        
        increases basal metabolic rate and heat production
        
        regulates tissue growth and development
        
        maintains blood pressure
    - - Thymosins
        
        development of T lymphocytes
  - - - secretes major hormones
    - - Thyroid-stimulating hormone
        
        stimulates normal development and secretory activity of thyroid gland
        ⇾ Target: thyroid gland
      - Adrenocorticotropic hormone
        
        stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids
        ⇾ Target: adrenal cortex
      - Follicle-stimulating hormone
        
        stimulates production of gametes (sperm & eggs)
        ⇾ Target: ovaries / testes
      - Luteinizing hormone
        
        promotes production of gonadal hormones
        ⇾ Target: ova / sex hormones
      - Growth Hormone
        
        has direct actions on metabolism and indirect growth-promoting actions
        ⇾ Target: liver, skeletal growth, cartilage growth, stomach
      - Prolactin
        
        Stimulates milk production in females
        ⇾ Target: mammary glands
    - - Ocytocin
        
        strong stimulant of uterine contractions released during childbirth; hormonal trigger for milk ejection (positive feedback mechanisms)
        ⇾ Target: uterus
      - Antidiuretic hormone
        
        solute concentrations; targets kidney tubules to reabsorb more water to inhibit or prevent urine formation
        also released by pain, low BP, and drugs
    - - Melatonin
        
        may affect:
        
        timing of sexual maturation and puberty
        
        day/night cycles
        
        physiological processes that show rhythmic variations
        
        production of antioxidant and detoxification molecules in cells