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Concept Map: 07 Endocrine Samantha Chavez Per. 3 - Coggle Diagram
Concept Map: 07 Endocrine
Samantha Chavez
Per. 3
Major functions of the endocrine system
Endocrine glands
The body has two major types of glands, exocrine ( secret products into ducts, outside the internal environment ) and endocrine ( secrete hormones into body fluids to affect target cells )
Hormones
Hormones diffuse into the bloodstream to act on specific target cells some distance away
If certain glands secrete messenger molecules never reach the bloodstream, they're not true hormones which these are " local hormones "
Local hormones include paracrine secretions ( affect neighboring cells ) and autocrine secretions ( affect only the secretory cells )
Major endocrine glands/organs and their functions (separate by region/ body cavity)
Pituitary gland - a small, pea-sized gland located at the base of your brain below your hypothalamus
Parathyroid glands - part of the endocrine system, which consists of a range of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
Adrenal glands - sit on top of the kidneys, enclosed in a layer of adipose and connective tissues
Pancreas - secretes hormones as an endocrine gland, and digestive juice into the digestive tract as an exocrine gland
Pineal gland - an endocrine gland located in the posterior aspect of the cranial fossa in the brain
Reproductive glands - the testes in the male and the ovaries in the female
Include the hormones produced, their functions and their target organs
Kidneys - secrete erythropoietin for blood cell production
Heart - secretes atrial natriuretic peptide which affects sodium and water excretion by the kidneys
Compare and contrast steroid vs. non-steroid hormones and list the hormones for each
category
Steroid hormones inactivate genes
Nonsteroid hormones directly activate genes
Thyroid-stimulating hormone ( TSH ) - TRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the release TSA
Insulin - Insulin and glucagon coordinate to maintain a relatively stable blood glucose concentration
Glucagon - increases the blood level of glucose by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen
The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream
Prolactin ( PRL ) - controlled by prolactin releasing factor ( PRF ) and prolactin inhibiting hormone ( PIH ) from the hypothalamus
Growth hormone ( GH ) - releasing hormone ( GHRH ) from the hypothalamus increases the amount of GH secreted, GH inhibiting hormone ( GHIH somatostatin ) inhibits its secretion
Antidiuretic hormone ( ADH ) - diabetes insipidus is a condition resulting from insufficient ADH
Oxytocin ( OT ) - plays a role in childbirth by contracting muscles in the uterine wall
Adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) - regulated by corticotrophin-releasing hormone ( CRH ) from the hypothalamus
Gonadotropins ( FSH and LH ) - follicle-stimulating hormone ( FSH ) and luteinizing hormone ( LH ) affect the male ( testes ) and female ( ovaries ) gonads
Homeostatic mechanisms of hormone regulation (negative and positive feedback)
Negative feedback
In negative feedback systems, a stimulus causes the release of a substance whose effects then inhibit further release
In this way, the concentration of hormones in blood is maintained within a narrow range.
Positive feedback
Oxytocin ( OT )
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Addison disease - hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
Cushing syndrome - hyposecretion of adrenal cortical hormones
Hypoparathyroidism - deficiency of PTH, dur to surgical vemoval or injury to glands, which results in a decrease in blood calcium
Hyperparathyroidism - excess of PTH, perhaps due to parathyroid tumor which results in an increase in blood calcium
Diabetes mellitus
