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Josue Lopez---- P.2 Endocrine System - Coggle Diagram
Josue Lopez---- P.2 Endocrine System
Steroid Vs. Nonsteroid Hormones
Steroid
derived from cholesterol
lipid soluble: can pass through cell membranes
protein receptors for hormone located inside the cell
hormone receptor complex binds with DNA, activates specific genes
new protein created function as enzyme, transport protein, hormone receptor
Nonsteroid
produced by amino acids: amines, peptides, proteins, or glycoproteins
combine w/ receptors in target cell membranes; receptors have a binding site and an activity site
hormone= 1st messenger
chemicals inside cell that respond to binding of hormone= 2nd messenger
Cascade of biological activity through cell membrane= signal transduction
Major Endocrine Glands/Functions
Thyroid Gland
: located below larynx & consists of 2 lobes connected by isthmus, contains follicles filled with colloid, hormones stored in colloid or into blood
Throxin
: increases rate of energy release from carbs and protein synthesis, accelerates growth, NS maturation, controlled by TSH
Triiodothyronine
: same as thyroxin, but 5x more potent, controlled by TSH
Calcitonin
: lowers blood calcium & phosphate ion concentrations by stimulating deposition of Ca and Phosphate ions in bones, inhibits release from bones, increases from kidneys,
Parathyroid Gland
: 4 tiny parathyroids located on posterior side of thyroid
Parahyroid Hormone (PTH)
: increases blood calcium ion concentration and decreases phosphate ion concentration, stimulates Bone resorption, simulates kidneys to conserve calcium, activates Vitamin D in kidneys
Posterior Pituitary Gland
: part of NS, consists of axons of neurons of hypothalamus
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
: causes kidneys to conserve water, amount released regulated by hypothalamus from body fluid water content, osmoreceptors, can cause vasoconstriction of blood vessels
Oxytocin
: in childbirth stimulates contractions of uterine wall, milk letdown (force secretion of milk), release controlled through positive feedback
Thymus Gland
: between lungs, behind sternum
Thymosins
: affect production & differentiation of T lymphocytes, shrinks with age
Anterior Pituitary Gland
: consists of mostly glandular epithelial tissue, arranged around blood vessels, & enclosed in a capsule of collagenous CT
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
: controls secretion of hormone from thyroid gland, TRH from hypothalamus stimulates release of TSH, blood concentrations of thyroid hormone increases, TRH & TSH decrease
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
: controls secretion of certain hormones in adrenal cortex, regulated by CRH, stress can increase CRH secretion ACTH increase too
Prolactin (PRL):
promotes milk production, controlled by PRF, and PIL, no known physiological role in males
FSH
: affects male (testes) and female (ovaries) gonads
Growth Hormone (GH):
stimulates body cells to grow/reproduce, speeds rate of carbs/fats usage, GHRH increases GH released, GHIH (somatostatin) inhibits GH secretion, more released when glucose low
LH
: in males, also known as interstitial-cell stimulating hormone
Adrenal Glands
Inner Medulla
Norepinephrine
: increases heart rate, vasoconstriction, increase in BP, little effect on glucose level
Epinephrine
: increases heart rate, vasodilation, increase in BP, promotes breakdown of glycogen to glucose, increases metabolic rate
Outer Cortex
Cortisol
: regulates glucose metabolism, inhibits protein synthesis, promotes fatty acid release from adipose tissue, causes liver cells to produce glucose from noncarbohydrates
Aldosterone
: mineraloclorticoid, secreted by cells of outer layer, helps regulate mineral/electrolyte balance, causes kidneys to conserve sodium, secreted in response to decreasing BV/BP
Pineal Gland
: located near upper portion of thalamus
Melatonin
: involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms in body, released at night only
Pancreas
: secretes hormones as Endocrine gland and secretes digestive juice as exocrine gland
Glucagon
: increases blood level of sugar, controlled by negative feedback, low blood glucose level stimulates secretion of this hormone
Insulin
: decreases blood level of glucose by stimulating liver to form glycogen, controlled by NF, high blood glucose promotes secretion of insulin,
Ovaries
Estrogen
: development of female 2nd sex characteristics
Progesterone
: contraception, luteal phase support, supports uterus & ovaries
Testes
Testosterone
: helps develop 2nd male sex characteristics
Placenta
Estrogen
Progesterone
Gonadotropin
: causes secretion of FSH & LH in pituitary gland
Homeostatic Mechanisms of Hormone Regulation (NF & PF)
Negative Feedback
release of hormones from hypothalamus controls secretions of anterior Pituitary, and anterior Pituitary affects activity of other Endocrine glands
NS influences certain glands directly
other glands respond directly to changes in internal fluid composition
as hormone level rises, further secretion is inhibited by Negative Feedback mechanisms,
Positive Feedback
a target gland hormone acts back on the hypothalamus and/or pituitary to increase the release of hormones that stimulate the secretion of the target gland hormone
Major Functions of Endocrine System
works with NS to maintain Homeostasis
made up of cells, tissues, endocrine glands that secrete hormones to act on target cells
two types of glands, Exocrine, Endocrine, one leads to outside of body and one leads to within the body
Endocrine Glands & hormones regulate a number of metabolic processes within cell & whole body
Diseases Associated w/ Endocrine System
Parathyroid
Hypoparathyroidism
: deficiency of PTH, due to surgical removal or injury to glands, decrease in blood calcium
Hyperparathyroidism
: excess of PTH, due to parathyroid tumor (possible), increase in blood calcium
Thyroid
Hypothyroidism
: underactivity of thyroid gland, low metabolic rate, fatigue & weight gain, infants= cretinism
Hyperthyroidism
: overactivity of thyroid gland, causes high metabolic rate, restlessness, overeating, may lead to eye protrusion
Adrenal
Addison Disease
: hypersecretion of glucocorticoids & mineralcorticoids
Cushing Syndrome
: hypersecretion of adrenal cortical hormones
Anterior Pituitary
Pituitary Dwarfanism
: due to GH deficiency during childhood
Gigantism
due to GH oversecretion during childhood
Acromegaly
: due to GH oversecretion during adulthood
Pancreas
Type 1 Diabetes
: autoimmune disorder in which beta cells are destroyed, insulin production decreases/stops
Type 2 Diabetes
: when insulin is produced but not recognized by cells
Posterior Pituitary
Diabetes Insipidus
: condition resulting from lack of ADH