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Endocrine Everardo Juarez P.2 - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine Everardo Juarez P.2
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Osteoporosis
Pituitary abscess
Autoimmune thyroiditis
Acromegaly
Diabetes
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Adrenal disorders
PCOS (Polycystic ovary syndrome)
Hypothyroidism
Thyroid cancer
Parathyroid disease
Goiter
Growth disorders
Metabolic disorder
Sex hormone disorders
Major endocrine glands/organs and their functions (separate by region/ body cavity)
• Include the hormones produced, their functions and their target organs
Head/Neck region
Pituitary Gland:
Hormones Produced:
Growth Hormone (GH)
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin
Functions: Regulates growth, metabolism, stress response, and reproductive functions.
Target Organs: Various tissues and other endocrine glands.
Thyroid Gland:
Hormones Produced:
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Functions: Regulates metabolism, growth, and development.
Target Organs: Almost every cell in the body.
Parathyroid Glands:
Hormones Produced:
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Functions: Regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood.
Target Organs: Bones, kidneys, and intestines.
Thoracic Cavity
Thymus:
Hormones Produced: Thymosin
Functions: Plays a role in immune function and T-cell development.
Target Organs: Immune system.
Abdominal/Pelvic Cavity
Adrenal Glands:
Hormones Produced:
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)
Functions: Regulate stress response, metabolism, electrolyte balance, and blood pressure.
Target Organs: Various tissues and organs.
Pancreas:
Hormones Produced:
Insulin
Glucagon
Functions: Regulate blood sugar levels.
Target Organs: Liver, muscle, and adipose tissue.
Reproductive Organs
Ovaries (Females):
Hormones Produced:
Estrogen
Progesterone
Functions: Regulate menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and secondary sexual characteristics.
Target Organs: Uterus, breasts, and other reproductive tissues.
Testes (Males):
Hormones Produced:
Testosterone
Functions: Regulate sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics.
Target Organs: Reproductive organs and other tissues.
Compare and contrast steroid vs. non-steroid hormones and list the hormones for each
category
Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and can pass through cell membranes to bind to intracellular receptors, influencing gene transcription. Non-steroid hormones, on the other hand, are typically amino acid-based and need cell surface receptors to initiate intracellular signaling pathways. Here are some examples of each:
Steroid hormones:
Cortisol
Testosterone
Estrogen
Progesterone
Aldosterone
Non-steroid hormones:
Insulin
Glucagon
Adrenaline (epinephrine)
Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
Growth hormone
Homeostatic mechanisms of hormone regulation (negative and positive feedback)
Homeostasis, the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions, is regulated by various feedback mechanisms for hormones:
Negative Feedback:
Description: The most common regulatory mechanism where the end product of a process inhibits further production.
Example: In the case of thyroid hormone regulation, the hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) which stimulates the pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH, in turn, stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones T3 and T4. When the levels of T3 and T4 in the blood reach a certain threshold, they inhibit TRH and TSH release, thus decreasing further production of thyroid hormones.
Positive Feedback:
Description: Less common than negative feedback, positive feedback amplifies or reinforces a process.
Example: During childbirth, the hormone oxytocin is released. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions, and as the contractions intensify, more oxytocin is released. This cycle continues until the baby is born, at which point the stimulus for oxytocin release ends, bringing the process to a close.
Major functions of the endocrine system
These feedback mechanisms play crucial roles in maintaining hormone levels within a narrow range, helping the body function optimally. The endocrine system plays several vital roles in the body, including:
Hormone Production and Regulation
: The endocrine system produces hormones that regulate various physiological processes such as metabolism, growth and developin and glucagon regulate glucose metabolism, while thyroid hormones control metabolic rate.
Immune Function
: Some hormones help regulate immune responses and inflammation in the body.
Maintaining Fluid Balance
: Hormones like aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) help regulate fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.
Growth and Tissue Repair
: Growth hormone plays a key role in growth, cell reproduction, and tissue repair.
Overall, the endocrine system is essential for coordinating various bodily functions and maintaining overall health and homeostasiment, tissue function, sexual function, sleep, and mood.
Maintaining Homeostasis
: Hormones help regulate internal balance by controlling processes like blood sugar levels, electrolyte balance, and body temperature.
Reproduction and Development
: Endocrine glands secrete hormones that influence sexual development, reproduction, and fertility.
Stress Response
: Hormones like cortisol and adrenaline are involved in the body's response to stress, helping prepare the body for fight or flight.
Metabolism Regulation
: Hormones such as insuls in the body.