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A3 (Locus of Control, Health Belief Model, Transtheoretical Model, Theory…

- - - - This is a spectrum
  - - - Avtgis (1998) found people with high external LoC are more persuadable
        
        People with an external LoC are more vulnerable to risk factors - they may be easily influenced to uptake poor health and become addicted
    - - Gale et al. (2008) found over a span of 30 yrs, people with a high internal LoC were less likely to be obese or exp. psychological stress
        
        High internal LoC in childhood acts as protection against poor health in adulthood
        
        Interventions aimed at developing an internal LoC could lead to positive health-related behaviours
- - - - whether a person changes their behaviour or not depends on how severe the consequences could be
        
        affects many outcomes (family, work, soc. relationships)
    - - knowing that they can prevent an ilness can change with perception e.g a hetero man might believe that only gays can get HIV, so couldn't possibly contract HIV - this puts himself and others at risk
    - - Perceived benefits are weighed up against barriers preventing thus action (using condoms)
      - Benefits: protection against STI's, shows a partner they care about their health
      - Costs: inconvenience, belief of rerduced pleasure, perception of susceptibility, connotations of identity
  - - - Information presented to an individual may force them to act, challenging their perception of seriousness and susceptibility
      - Cues can be internal (pain, worsening symptoms) or external (adverts, TV, media)
      - Crucial in shifting someone's thinking
    - - A person's belief in their own competence
        
        e.g. knowing how to use a condom or asking a partner to use it takes skill
      - If self-efficacy of condom use is low, you may not engage in this health behaviour
    - - Demographics everyone falls into - age, gender, culture, ethnicity, etc.
      - are essential to teaching and enforcing perception of seriousness and susceptibility
      - This is how two people can experience the same health-related challenges might differ in seriousness, perception of susceptibility, costs and benefits
  - - - Williamson & Wardle (2002) used the HBM to increase the number of people coming from screenings of bowel and colon cancers
        
        It is a valid explanation of how people can shift behaviour in a healthier direction
    - - The model is based on real-life experiences
        
        The HBM is a credible explanation and is used by professionals
  - - - Zimmerman & Vernberg (1994) argue that by adding self-efficay and demographics, the model becomes a totally different model
        
        Attempts to explain too much
    - - There must be other psychological factors interacting, so the HBM is incomplete
- - - - Social desirability bias might impact the validity of the I-E Scale, as people don't often wantto appear as Externals - reducing the reliability