Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

SBI3UV33 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - humans have eukaryotic cells with nucleus. Tissues are a collection of similar cells that perform a function. the four main type are epithelial, connective, nervous and muscle tissues.
      - An organ is a structure composed of different tissues working together to perform a complex body function, eg heart with muscle, connective and nervous tissue.
      - An organ system has one or more organs and structures that work together to perform a major e.g , circulatory system.
      - • Organisms are made of cells organized into
        tissues, organs, and organ systems.
      - All multicellular organisms need to obtain
        nutrients and gases and remove wastes.
  - - - the change of carbohydrate.
        
        Disaccharides
        
        lactose
        
        sucrose
        
        Glucose + galactose
        
        Glucose + fructose
      - Foods high in carbohydrates include
        vegetables, potatoes, and grains
      - carbonhydrate has to broke down in to simple sugar (glucose) before the body can use them.
      - carbohydrates are stored in the liver and the muscle tissues in the form of
        glycogen.
      - excess carbohydrates can be converted to lipids and stored as body
        fat
  - - - has been performed by surgeons for more than six decades, and you’ve no doubt heard of people receiving heart, lung, and kidney transplants
      - However, you may have never heard of a penis transplant.
      - The first U.S. penis transplant was performed in May of 2016 at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston
      - The 15-hour procedure involved a team of more than 50 physicians, surgeons, and nurses. The patient was a 64-year-old man who had lost his penis to cancer in 2012.
      - The surgical milestone involved grafting microscopic blood vessels and nerves of the donor organ to those of the recipient.
      - As with most transplant patients, this patient will have to take immunosuppressing drugs for the rest of his life so his immune system will not reject the organ
      - The transplant team said that their success with this transplant “holds promise for patients with devastating genitourinary injuries and disease.”
- - - - Meiosis has two distinct stages.
      - Meiosis I – reduction division, one diploid cell
      - forms 2 haploid cells by separating
      - homologous chromosomes
      - separating sister chromatids
      - Meiosis II – each haploid cell divides again by
    - - These chromosomes are
        diploid and replicated
        
        like an X, with the sister
        
        Replicated chromosomes look
        
        This is visible in somatic cells
        during prophase.
        
        chromatids connected at the centromere.
  - - - Fathers can pass X-linked alleles to their
        daughters, but not sons
      - Mothers can pass X-linked alleles to both sons
        and daughters.
      - In humans the term usually refers to X-linked traits from genes located only on X chromosomes
      - And Y link, The Y chromosome does not have a colour
        vision gene
      - Genes located on a sex chromosome are called
        sex linked genes.
      - There was another challenge ,it was colour blind when we were doing the colour blind when Xn when is lower case it is colour blind but when XN upper case the letter will be uneffected
      - pedigrees tracking inheritance
        
        carry dominant and not carry, dominant or recesive.
        
        shows the connections between parents and offspring, the sex of
        individuals in each generation, and the presence or absence of a trait.
      - there is another think that it challenged me it was offsprig and genotype, phenotype
- - - - Vestigial Features
        
        Vestigial feature: a rudimentary and
        
        non-functioning, or only marginally
        
        functioning, structure that is
        
        homologous to a fully functioning
        
        structure in closely related species
        
        ex. the upland goose and frigate bird
        
        have webbed feet but never enter the
        
        water
        
        such features suggest an evolutionary
        
        past
        
        vestigial features could be explained as
        
        evolutionary baggage—features that, in
        
        an ancestor, had served a useful
        
        purpose, but had become useless or
        
        greatly distorted as the species evolved
        
        Humans have vestigial features
        
        goosebumps
        
        serves two functions: in response to cold
        
        temperatures to allow hair to insulate
        
        the skin; in evolution, it was originally
        
        meant in response to a threat to make
        
        the mammal look larger
      - Analogous feature: a
        
        structure that performs the
        
        same function as another but
        
        is not similar in origin or
        
        anatomical structure; for
        
        example, bird and insect wings
  - - - Micro-evolution is caused by changes in allele
        frequencies in a population.
      - These changes occur to
        
        help species better adapt to their environment.
        
        Micro-evolution can happen in a few generations
      - Micro-evolution is when there is adaptation as a result
        of natural selection of the fittest offspring
      - Micro-evolution is genetic changes that occur over a
        small number of generations. It is also called
        evolution within a species.
  - - - Scientists extracted ancient DNA from this 76,000-52,000-year-old fossil pinky bone in 2010, leading to the identification of the Denisovan population DNA tells us a lot about who we are now. But we also look to ancient DNA to learn about our origins
        
        When the decade first started, scientists recovered ancient genetic material from a fossilized finger bone found in the Denisova Cave in Siberia. They tested that material and discovered that the DNA didn’t match that of modern humans or Neanderthals. Instead, it belonged to a previously undiscovered species of early humans now called Denisovans. It was the first time a new species has been identified using ancient DNA
- - - - bacteria are prokaryotes classified based on .
        
        their sources of food or metabolism .
        
        their shape and colony groups .
        
        spirillium spiral shaped bacteria .
        
        cocci sphere shaped bacteria .
        
        bacillum rod shaped bacteria .
        
        their sources of food or metabolism .
    - - do not have cells .
      - have nucleic acids / reproduce (inside host)
      - can not make protiens themselves.
      - can not use energy.
      - virus is not a live .
    - - Mammals are equally closely related all the other groups in this tree. Ancestor A is the
        most recent ancestor of all five groups.
    - - Fungi were probably placed in the Plant Kingdom originally because they grow in the ground and
        they can’t move. Also, their mycelium looks root-like.
  - - - It is important to note that members of different species
        usually do not breed with one another.
      - For example, under natural conditions lions
        breed only with lions, robins breed only with robins, and so on.
      - This definition is also referred to as the
        biological species concept.
      - Species also change over time and space. They can evolve, or change, over many generations, and they can change across continents
      - Most biologists define a species as a group whose members are able to freely breed
        among themselves under natural conditions.
      - All species depend on other species in a variety of ways for their own survival
  - - - In this International Year, we must counter the perception that people are disconnected from our natural environment. We must increase understanding of the implications of losing biodiversity. In 2010, I call on every country and each citizen of our planet to engage in a global alliance to protect life on Earth. We must generate a greater sense of urgency and establish clear and concrete targets. Biodiversity is life. Biodiversity is our life.
      - Statements
      - Latest Statements
      - Statements on 11 January 2010
      - Secretary-General's remarks at ribbon-cutting ceremony for the temporary North Lawn Building
      - Statement attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General on Guinea
      - Secretary-General's remarks to the infomral session of the General Assembly entitled "Agenda 2010"