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Epilepsy/Epileptic Seizures - Coggle Diagram
Epilepsy/Epileptic Seizures
Generalized Seizures
Absence
Brief loss of consciousness
Little movement
Characteristic EEG waves
Drug of Choice:
Alternatives:
Clonazepam
Lamotrigine
Levetiracetam
ethosuximide
valproate
adverse reactions
GI
nausea
vomiting
indigestion
CNS
sedation
drowsiness
weight gain
Usually appear in childhood but disappear in middle age
Tonic Clonic:
longer periods of loss of consciousness and major acitivity of the large muscles
Medications
Status Epilepticus:
last longer than 30 minutes and/or recur before the end of postictal period; emergency
Medications
Diazepam IV
Mechanism of Action: GABA inhibitor
Adverse Effects
Phenytoin IV
Mechanism of Action: GABA inhibitor
Adverse Effects:
Phenobarbital IV
Enhancing GABA receptors & opening chloride channels
Adverse Effects:
Partial Seizures
Simple
Consciousness isn't impaired, person remains alert and can remember what happens
Complex
Consciousness is impaired; lasts several minutes; affects alertness and awareness
Medications (same for both)
Lamotrigine
Adverse Effects
Skin disorders
Dizziness, headache, nausea, somnolence
Inactivates sodium channels
Oxcarbazepine
Adverse Effects
Dizziness, nausea, somnolence
Mechanism of action is unknown
Carbamazepine
Blocks sodium channels
Adverse Effects
Blood dyscrasias
Skin reactions
(rashes, lupus erythematosus, etc.)
GI upset
(nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, etc.)
Oral effects
(xerostomia, glossitis, stomatitis)
CNS disturbances
(dizziness, vertigo, drowsiness, etc)
Dental Management of Patients Taking Anti-epileptics
-Have emergency management in place, remove hands and dental instruments from mouth
-Take thorough medical histories from patient, include: current medications and frequency of seizures
-Dental drugs affected by antiepileptic: propoxyphene and doxycycline
