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Participle I - Coggle Diagram
Participle I
Predicative constructions (complexes) with participle
The Accusative with Participle I
It is used with verbs:
of physical perception (to see, to hear, to observe, to watch, to look at, to listen to, etc.)
e.g. We heard them quarrelling loudly in the next room.
of causative meaning (to have, to get, to keep, to set, to start):
e.g. I won't have you speaking like that about your father!
She finally got the television working.
to want, to like:
e.g. I don't like you telling lies.
to discover, to find, to catch, to leave:
e.g. We caught him stealing.
I left them still discussing this problem.
The Nominative with Participle I
It is used with verbs of physical perception and
also with verbs to find, to catch, to keep, to leave:
They were seen walking to the river.
Why were they kept waiting so long?
The Nominative Absolute Construction with Participle I
The construction can
have the function of an adverbial modifier of:
time
e.g. This having been done, he decided to have a rest.
cause
e.g. It being late, they decided to return home.
condition (with the participles permitting, failing):
e.g. Weather permitting, we'll start tomorrow.
Negotiations failing, some other measures will be taken.
Manner or attendant circumstances:
e.g. He walked quickly, I following him silently.
The Absolute Construction with Participle I introduced by with
an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances
With the moon rising, he could see clearly everything around.
an attribute:
They saw a lake, with high fir-trees growing around it.
The temporal meaning of participle I
Simultaneousness
Knowing him well, I can understand why he behaves so.
When/while reading the letter she smiled happily.
Priority
Coming into the room she sat down near me.
Having learned the news he left.
The functions of participle I
Attribute
The boys playing football made a lot of noise. (too, very, extremely,)
an adverbial modifier of
Time
e.g. Reaching the bank he lay down on the warm sand.
Cause
e.g. Finding nobody in he went away.
Comparison
e.g. He stopped as if not knowing how to continue his speech.
Concession
e.g. Though understanding nothing, he pretended to be listening carefully.
Manner or attendant circumstances
e.g. He entered the room carrying a big bouquet of roses.
Predicative
Both remained standing.