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HORMONES - Coggle Diagram
HORMONES
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types of hormones
protein hormones: most vertebrate hormones are protein hormones, growth and metabolism hormones are protein hormones. Protiens are made up of multiple amino acids
(organise compound composed of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. IF amino acid chain is <50, called peptide. it can be stored in endocrine cells prior to release into blood stream such as insulin, gherkin and leptin.
steroid hormones mostly produced by adrenal glands, the gonads and the brain. they are made up of three 6 carbon rings and one conjugated five carbon ring.
precursors to all vertebrate steroid hormone is cholesterol are not stored but released immediately into the blood stream also effects of steroids can be relatively slow e.g. cortisol, testosterone.
monamine hormones: derived from single amino acid e.g. adrenaline and noradrenaline, melatonin, dopamine and seretonin. these substances can act as a hormone or a neurotransmitter, the difference is hormones are released into blood stream and act on distant target cells, neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and act locally.
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exocrine glands - exo = outside. secrete the product onto the epithelial surface via a duct e.g. sweat, salivary, mammary
endocrine glands - endo = within. secrete the product directly into the blood stream e.g. pituitary gland, adrenal glands
hormone receptors
- steroid hormones: not water soluble > require portions to travel in blood stream > bind to receptors inside target cells
protein hormones: cannot pass through plasma membranes of cells > receptors are found on the surface of tagret cell
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hormone clearence
the process of lowering hormone levels in the blood, hormones can be broken down by enzymes that remove them from receptors, the liver, disintegrate in the blood stream. All three of these steps lead to excretion from the body via bile or urine.
how do hormones effect behaviour? - behaving organisms can be thought to have 3 interacting components: 1. sensory systems (input: pupil dilation) 2. central processing systems (e.g. brain) 3. output systems (effectors e.g. heart). hormones may affect any or all three of these. Hormones alone do not cause behavioural change: rather hormones influent ce these systems such that specific stimulus are more likely to elicit certain responses.
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