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China: Conflict, Crisis and Change - Coggle Diagram
China: Conflict, Crisis and Change
1890s
China was ruled by an emperor. Emperors possessed the Mandate of Heaven, meaning that fate had given him authority to rule.
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1902
Cixi introduced the Self Strengthening Reforms, which included provincial assemblies, a New Army, National Consultative Council, abolition of foot binding, nationalisation of railways, improving education.
Provincial Assemblies
Had limited power, with only 0.4% of the population having the right to vote and the decision process being incredibly slow.
New Army
Was expensive, so as a result tea, wine and salt were heavily taxed
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1911
On October 9th, a bomb exploded in Hankou
This paved way for the 1911 revolution as the public used this as a chance to revolt for their unhappiness with the Qing government
The mutiny spread to all other provinces. Led by Yuan Shikai, the ex-General, they made their way to Beijing and established a Han government
Sun Yat Sen rushed back to China, only for Yuan Shikai to persuade him to let him be President. Sun agreed, not knowing that Yuan wanted the power for himself.
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Empress Cixi died in 1908, leaving her grandson Puyi on the throne and his uncle Prince Chun to rule as regent.
There had been a spread of revolutionary ideas of nationalism and republicanism by Sun Yat Sen, who believed the imperial family should be overthrown. He was exiled
1916
Yuan ruled China as a dictator, until in 1915 he tried to make himself Emperor. This made Sun Yat Sen's party, the GMD unhappy, as well as the military governors who feared they would lose power.
Yuan was revolted against and forced to abdicate after he agreed to Japan's Twenty One Demands to control China's factories, railway lines and ports.
1919
May the 4th Movement occured after the Treaty of Versailles was signed, which stated that German owned land in China would be given to the Japanese instead of returned to China.
The public was furious and students from the Beijing University stages a protest in Tiananmen Square, calling on the government to resist this treatment of China
This led to the New Tide, a wave of democratic ideas that swept the country to do with freedom and equal rights.
The New Tide also gave way to a new ideology: Communism, which was gaining in popularity since the successful communist revolution in 1917
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1924
The Chinese Communist party had recently been established and were aided by the Russian Soviets. The Soviets knew that the CCP was too small to achieve revolution so they encouraged a team-up with the GMD
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1927
The united front had gained a victory against the warlords and in April of 1928, Chiang drove the final warlord, Zhang Zuolin out of Beijing.
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The GMD took control of Shanghai with the help of it's left-wing members and Communists. However, 2 weeks after taking control, Chiang turned on the Communists, supported by local industrialists, traders and foreign powers. His troops began massacring the Communists is what was known as the "White Terror"
1930
On October 30th, the first extermination campaign was launched with the aim to eradicate the Communists who had fled to Jianxi to form the Jiangxi Soviet. It failed, as the Communists refused to fight face to face with the GMD, instead laying traps for them
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In 1931, Japan had invaded Manchuria and turned it into a puppet state, with Emperor Puyi as it's puppet ruler. From 1931-37, Japan had been strengthening it's position in Shanghai and Manchuria
The Warlord Era occurred after the abdication of Yuan Shikai, where multiple warlords in the different regions tried to take power, but none could fill Yuan's position. They stayed in their own regions and ruled them harshly. They were unwilling to submit to outside authority and had made deals with foreign powers.
Emperor Guangxu attempts to modernise China and puts into effect the Hundred Days Reform, which is heavily opposed by Empress Dowager Cixi, who ends the reforms.
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A secret society called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists had been carrying out attacks on foreigners and Chinese Christians
Their attacks began in Shandong then spread to Hebei, Shanxi, Henan. They attacked the foreign missionaries, burnt down their churches and schools and killed all Christians. The uprising eventually spread to Beijing, where the Western population retreated into a British legation, and the Boxers lay siege to it for 55 days
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In the 19th century, the Qing had given rights to foreign powers to exploit China's resources.
China had recently been humiliated by foreign powers, losing the opium war against Britain and losing territory to the Japanese and French
Because of this, the Emperor was losing his control and authority and people began to doubt the mandate of heaven
Foreign powers brought their missionaries into China to convert the Chinese from their Buddhism/Confucianism to Christianity. This meant that many of the Chinese were wary of the foreign powers
The foreign powers also brought their technology into China, such as railroads and telegraph wires.