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History - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Mao
        
        General Information: The consolidation and maintenance of power took place from 1949 to 1976.
        A longer period of time than Hitler.
        
        Women's Participation in Employment
        
        Role of women in a family
        
        Participation in Politics
        
        Jiang Qing (Madam Mao)
        
        In charge of the cultural revolution and changes to the CCP and China
      - Hitler
        
        General Information: The consolidation and maintenance of power took place from 1933 to 1945.
        A shorter time.
        
        Role of women in a family
        
        Women's participation in Empolyment
        
        Participation in Politics
  - - - Failure of the previous government systems
        
        Qing Dynasty,
        
        The corruption and the instability of this government resulted in people unhappy and the revolution against the Qing happened.
        Developed huge social gaps in between the people.
        
        Defeat in the Opium Wars, first sino-japanese war
        
        Weakening the economics of China
        
        Warlord Era
        
        Weakening of China and the country became fragmented and divided.
        
        GMD
        
        Corruption within the song family, Jang Jie shi's in law family, the peasants' life was not improved at all. Failed to consolidate its control over the whole of China
      - The use of force
        
        Futian Incident
        
        Red Army members were executed, most likely under Mao's orders
        
        Land distribution
        
        often done by force, where landlords had their land confiscated from them, this often involved violence and loss of life
      - Ideology
        
        Peasants are important. "The peasants are the sea; and we are the fish. We live in the sea."
        
        convincing peasants to join them, resulting in a very large support group
        
        Land reform and gender equality
        
        committed to nationalism, which was popular with people during the time when Japan was at war with China
        
        Location wise
        
        They choose a place far away from the sphere of influence of the GMD and choose Yanan where it is secluded and far and only has peasants, who are easier to convince than investors in the big cities
    - - Failure of Previous Governments
        
        Weimar Republic
        
        political instability, economic instability such as unemployment up to almost 6 million.
        
        Kapp Putsch
        
        reichstag
        
        Treaty of Versailles
        
        Terrible clauses aiming directly at Germany
      - The use of force
        
        Munich Putsch 1923
        
        believed the conditions were right for overturning the government
        
        Failure of the putsch
        
        SA played a role in intimidating opposition and carrying out anti-Semitic attacks
        
        SA
        
        attacking communists in Germany
      - Ideology
        
        Lebensraum
        
        promoted by Hitler, sought to unite all German-speaking people
        
        Autarky
        
        Stressed the importance of German economic self-sufficiency and the result of economic depression and the reliance on American loans
        
        Mein Kampf
        
        Define Nazis' ideological position, included anti-semitism, anti-communism, racial superiority of Aryans and traditional gender roles within society
- - - - Economic Conditions
        
        Nationalists
        
        no countryside, hit hard by food shortages. relied on railways to get food to the urban areas, CCP often sabotage these supplies. Inflation was rampant in the Nationalist areas. relied on foreign investments printed vast amounts of paper money.
        officials hoarded food.
        
        Communists
        
        gained the majority civilian population. encouraged nationalists to change sides for food.
      - Foreign Powers
        
        Communists
        
        Soviet Union gave access to huge stockpiles of Japanese weapons in northern China and Manchuria. The Soviets oversaw the transfer of 900 aircraft, 700 tanks, 4000 artillery pieces, nearly 12000 machine guns.
        also trained the commanders at Russian military schools.
        Nationalist weapons were also used in the CCP.
        lacked airpower and armoured vehicles compared to the Nationalists. However the adoption of mobile defence tactics and avoidance of conventional battles negated this potential problem.
        
        Nationalists
        
        supported the Americans. gave $798 million in military supplies from 1945 to 1949. Freda Utley has indicated that only $360 million of this amount was used to buy military equipment, the rest went into the pockets of Jiang and his associates.
        imposed an embargo on both the GMD and CCP, the supplies did not reach them until the war actually has ended
      - Human Resources
        
        Communists
        
        1.5 million peasant conscripts. CCP treated its troops better than the Nationalists did theirs.
        Historian Chang wrote that CCP troops have higher moral values than GMD troops
        
        Nationalists
        
        2.7 million troops to 4.3 million troops nationalists troops are not well trained and peasants were forced to fight for hem and looting and rape were reported.
    - - Economic Condtions
        
        Republicans
        
        Established of 2500 collectives in 1936 created problems, as farm labourers decided what to grow and in what quantities. This lead to shortages and made central coordination impossible. Some collectives supplied food onyl to their militias and not to the Republican army.
        Supplying food to Madrid and Barcelona was difficult, prices increased by 200%.
        
        Nationalists
        
        Controlled the supply and distribution of war materials efficiently in those held areas, held major agricultural regions in Spain, efficient distribution methods.
      - Foreign Powers
        
        Republicans
        
        superior foreign support. soviet union supplied a lot of fighters gave the Republicans aerial control in 1936. Soviet equipment were outdated and lacked quality.
        International brigades contributed 35000 volunteers to the Republicans side, but most were militarily inexperienced and had no effect on the outcome of the war.
        
        Nationalists
        
        Germany and Italy supplied twice the amount of aircraft and artillery as the republicans received from the soviet union. Army of Africa jstationed in Spanish Morocco were airlifted to mainland Spain by the German Aircraft.
      - Human Resources
        
        Republicans
        
        republican zones were controlled by democratic politicians who had less authoritarian control. militias often came from labour unions and leftist political groups, which had a distrust of centrally controlled military hierarchies.They often operated independently, which made coordination challenging . lack of experience and training was also a hindrance.
        
        Nationalists
        
        had an army one third smaller than that of the Republicans at the beginning of the war, numerical balance changed, when more territory are conquered. more experienced and more skilled, as two thirds of the army officers sided with the Nationalists from the outset. nationalists operated 28 military academies to train lower ranking commanders.
- - - - The Meiji Constitution
        
        The constitution required all laws and cabinet decisions to be agreed to be agreed to by all ministers. This meant that if any one minister did not agree with a law or decision, they could simply refuse to sign. This could cause the government to collapse and new ministers to be appointed, or a compromise would have to be reached to accommodate demands of opposing ministers. This increased the power of the military in that they could essentially veto any government decision and could threaten to dissolve a government unless their demands were met
      - The Diet
      - Education and loyalty to the state
        
        Promote nationalism and loyalty to the state. Literacy was directly connected to increased awareness of government and its policies, and people's growing opposition to many of these.
        
        Radical nationalism (include racism and discrimination against those not part of the nation.
        
        Justifies violence to achieve goals
      - The rise of radical nationalism
        
        A special mission
        
        Since Japan was the only successful, independent modern state, it was the mission of the Japanese to use these qualities to lead the rest of Asia.
      - Growth of militarism
        
        The meiji constitution had also enshrined the special relationship between the military and the Emperor, with the military reporting directly to him.
        The military was a political force in Japan, holding cabinet positions in the government.
        Militarism became increasingly popular as the civilian government was weaken by the economic crisis. Because it was tied with expanding the empire, which many hoped would bring economic relief and new lands to settle peasants.
      - Washington Naval Conference
        
        Japan being forced to agree to harsh terms, reducing their captial ship amount.
      - London Naval Conference
        
        The navy and the government having disputes over the amount of fleet that Japan can have on battleships.
      - Military Expansion
        
        Japan wants to defend its interest and expand to solve domestic issues like lack of resources and food supply.
      - Employment
        
        Earthquake, fire, and the 1920s economic depression, the demands for their exports were going down, the economy was already failing, and they could not handle it already, and there comes the great depression.
      - Political instability in China
        
        The Warlord Era in China
        
        Loosely divided into regions controlled by warlords
        
        Manchuria's leader: Zhang Zoulin, he allowed the Japanese to continue developing railways, mills, mines and other businesses in Manchuria and in return Japan's government supported Zhang.
      - Japan was no longer interested in the International community's input regarding Manchuria, because it was felt that their policies aimed to keep Japan weak, and that foreign states simply could not comprehend Japan's needs and interests or its mission of leading Asia.
    - - Manchurian Crisis
        
        Bomb exploded, Japanese blamed on the Chinese, used it as an excuse to occupy all of Manchuria. KMT asked troops to not resist the invasion. Created an illusion that they had only helped Manchuria achieve independence from chaotic China. Manchukuo was a puppet state.
        
        LON and the Lytton report.
        
        Condemn Japan as an aggressor nation, Japan withdrew from LON in March 1933, suffering no consequences as a result of its departure.
        Not many supported the new state, not really protecting Manchuria from the China's government because there is a lot of Chinese than Manchus.
        
        USA was worried about the Open Door Policy, protested Japan's action by formulating the Stimson Doctrine. US did not impose any restrictions on trade on Japan or Manchukuo.
        
        AJP Taylor stated that the Manchuria crisis was only given significance after a few decades, clearly demonstrating the importance of the Manchuria crisis to the failure of the LON.
      - The sino-japanese war (1937 to 1942)
        
        Nanjing Massacre
    - - SU
        
        supply China with tanks, aircraft, ammunition and artillery. More of preventing the Japanese to use China as a shortcut to invade SU. SU helped China by temporarily adverting the attention from Wuhan to Lake Khasan. SU won against Japan (22000 vs 10000)
        
        When Japan was focused on the Lake Khasan, SU sent huge quantities of weapons to China's armies. Until Germany invaded into it, at June 1941.
      - Germany
        
        Germany supplied 80% of the weapons in exchange for tungsten. Until 1938, Germany still supplied 60% of the weapons. But they are still on friendly terms with Japan and China.
      - China
        
        Jiang and his supporters used the international financial aid to their own purpose and was known to be corrupted.
        
        Jiang decided to destroy the dikes placed at the Yellow River to flood the Japanese armies, but also killing a million Chinese.
    - - Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere
      - Pan-Asianism
  - - - Corfu Incident (1923)
        
        In the Corfu Incident in 1924, Greece ended up paying Italy an indemnity
        
        Fiume(1924)
        
        The city of Fiume was also targeted and eventually handed over to Italy by Yugoslavia
        
        Abyssinia (1935)
        
        Event Outline
        
        Mussolini desired a greater Italian Empire to bring him and Italy closer to 'Great Power' status of Britain and France. Abyssinia bordered Italy's current territories and was arguably the last remaining option for African expansion.
        
        December 1934 - The Wal Wal Incident - a skirmish between Italian and Abyssinian troops (two Italian and a hundred Abyssinian left dead).
        
        In September 1935 the LoN declared that neither country was responsible for the incident and that no indemnity was to be paid.
        
        Mussolini still used this, however, as a pretext for war and invaded in October 1935. His modern weaponry and use of poison gas quickly overwhelmed the Abyssinians.
        
        The Abyssinian Emperor, Haile Selassie, fled to Britain.
        
        The fighting ended in 1936 and Mussolini merged Eritrea, Somaliland and Abyssinia into Italian East Africa.
        
        Italy leaves the LoN in May 1936
        
        The Stresa Front was ended
        
        Italy was now focused on improving ties with Germany (Rome-Berlin Axis), allowing the Anschluss and having more foreign policy freedom.
        
        Spanish Civil War (1936-39)
        
        Supported Franco in the Spanish Civil War 1936-39
        
        Abyssinia and Spain were a considerable drains on the Italian economy
        
        Mussolini had his eye on Corsica, but due to the Non-Intervention Pact, France stayed out of the Spanish Civil War and was able to guard its borders. He turned his attention to Albania.
        
        Albania (1939)
        
        Albania had been a target of Italy since it was newly formed in 1912.
        
        President (and later King) Zog signed an alliance with Italy in 1926
        
        Italy was intent on turning Albania into a protectorate. Mussolini tried to gain control of the economy and more living space for Italians.
        
        Zog evicted Italian military advisors and closed Italian-operated schools
        
        In turn, Mussolini suspended loans to Albania. Zog attempted a negotiation with France, but this failed.
        
        In 1934 Italian troops landed in Durres, Albania's key port
        
        Albania was forced to ally itself only with Italy, trade restrictions were removed and the Italian navy was allowed free use of Durres.
        
        1939 - Mussolini send an ultimatum to King Zog, essentially looking to gain complete control of the country. This was only partially accepted, so Mussolini decided to invade and conquer the country fully in April 1939.
      - Entry into WWII
        
        When relations with Britain and France soured, Mussolini turned to Hitler as a possible ally
        
        The Rome-Berlin Axis was signed in 1936
        
        May 1939 - Pact of Steel formalises their relationship into a military alliance
        
        Mussolini was clear with Hitler that Italy was not prepared for war and was only informed in August 1939 that Germany was to go to war with Poland.
    - - League of Nations
        
        Failed to control Italy over Greece and Fiume
        
        Introduced sanctions over Abyssinia, but this was a weak move as key materials that were needed for economic action e.g. oil were not included
        
        The emotional plea from Haile Selassie went unanswered
        
        Italy withdrew from the LoN in 1936
        
        The Abyssinian Crisis arguably irrevocably weakened the LoN by exposing its shortcomings:
        
        Collective security had been undermined
        
        Britain and France were shown to be more governed by self-interest
        
        Compounded failure of the Manchurian Crisis
        
        LoN also did not act on Italy's invasion of Albania
      - The USA
        
        Had adopted a policy of isolationism that only increased with the collapse of the world economy in 1929
        
        Did not join the League of Nations when it was created during the Paris Peace Conferences, undermining the organisation from the onset.
        
        The US stayed predominantly neutral in European affairs
        
        They did attempt to dissuade Mussolini from aggression in Abyssinia
        
        When Mussolini invaded, both Italy and Abyssinia were banned from being sold US arms under their Neutrality Acts.
        
        This hurt Abyssinia far more, because Italy was able to produce its own military goods
        
        The Stimson Doctrine also came into play and the US refused to acknowledge the creation of Italian East Africa.
      - The Soviet Union
        
        Stalin aimed to consolidate his position from 1924
        
        The Five Year Plan began in 1928 - collectivisation led to famine
        
        Comintern was active in promoting or sponsoring communist movements in Europe
        
        Stalin was weary of the growing threat that fascism posed
        
        Made proclamations that Abyssinian independence should be protected by the LoN
        
        Their LoN representative verbally lambasted Italy's actions
        
        The Soviet Union took part in the economic sanctions and created an embargo on all trade with Italy
        
        The Soviet Union was the only outspoken country regarding Italy's invasion of Albania
      - France
        
        In some ways, the Great Depression was slow to hit France and they were protected by their vast agricultural sector
        
        Imperial preference was also used by France to protect domestic industry, forcing countries like Italy to trade elsewhere.
        
        France was wracked by political instability and had eleven governments between 1932-1935
        
        France's weakened and divided political state paralyzed the country over the Abyssinian Crisis. Socialists supported the LoN whereas conservatives backed Mussolini.
        
        French Foreign Minister, Pierre Laval, guaranteed Mussolini that France would not intervene in the Abyssinian Crisis
        
        Neither France nor Britain wanted (or were ready for) war with Mussolini; Germany and communism were both greater concerns than Abyssinia.
        
        Laval was approached by Hoare, the British Foreign Minister, to strike a deal that would give two thirds of Abyssinian land to Italy in exchange for the rest of the country getting a route to the sea. The plan was leaked to the French press and the backlash meant it was abandoned.
        
        Took no action in response to the invasion of Albania
      - Britain
        
        Impacted heavily by the Great Depression. National government formed in 1931. Adopted the policy of imperial preference.
        
        British trade barriers arguably alienated Itay
        
        Although the Labour Party was in favour of rearming in the 1930s, the economic difficulties slowed this process
        
        Britain failed to close the Suez Canal to Italy in response to the Abyssinian Crisis due to fear of escalating the conflict
        
        Britain hoped to find a peaceful solution to the conflict, but news of Italy's brutality put pressure on the government in the 1935 election year
        
        Neither France nor Britain wanted (or were ready for) war with Mussolini; Germany and communism were both greater concerns than Abyssinia.
        
        Hoare, the British Foreign Minister, approached Laval to find a solution by giving Italy two thirds of Abyssinia in return for a route to the sea. The Hoare-Laval Pact 1935, when it was leaked, forced Hoare to resign.
        
        Took no action in response to the invasion of Albania
    - - Impact of Fascism on the Foreign Policy on Italy
        
        The ideology of fascism played a key role - nationalism, anti-communism, war as a 'natural' act of foreign policy, sacrificing oneself for the state
        
        Past grievances - The Treaty of St. Germain from the post WWI Paris Peace Conferences were considered a 'mutilated victory'. Agreements from the Treaty of London in 1915 were not honoured by Britain and France.
        
        Desired to increase his own prestige - a modern day Caesar?
        
        Wanted to recreate the glory of the Roman Empire and control the Med
        
        Aimed to improve Italy's standing on the world stage and remove its title as the 'poor man of Europe' to a Great Power.
        
        Wanted Italian men to be strong warriors and the women to bear children (see similarities with Hitler)
        
        Build on Italy's weak 'empire' in Libya, Eritrea and Somaliland by conquering and redeeming the embarrassing loss to Abyssinia (modern day Ethiopia) in 1896
      - Impact of domestic economic issues on the foreign policies
        
        Took power in 1923 by a 'fake' coup - the March on Rome
        
        Was arguably supported and brought to power by the elites, who were fearful of a communist uprising
        
        His popularity and propaganda machine hailed him as 'Il Duce' (The Leader), creating a similar cult of personality that was later seen around Hitler (and Mao)
        
        Though the Acerbo Law 1923 and further legislation, he outlawed other political parties, controlled the press, replaced trade unions and used his Black Shirts as force and intimidation
        
        He was also able to placate the Catholic Church in arguably his greatest accomplishment - the Concordat with the Pope (the Lateran Treaty) in 1929