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Power, Reactance, Inductors and capacitors are both essential components…
Power
Physical power
In physics, power refers to the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time. The standard unit of power is the watt, which is equal to one joule per second 1. For example, when electrical energy is turned into heat or light, the rate at which this transformation occurs is a measure of power 2.
Electrical Power
In everyday life, power often refers to energy, especially electricity, obtained from fuel sources. It’s used to operate lights, heating systems, machinery, and other devices 3.
Social/Political Power
Beyond the physical realm, power also exists in social and political contexts. It represents the capacity to influence, lead, or dominate others within society 4.
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Sociologists and political scientists study power dynamics to understand how it operates in various spheres of life.
Mathematical Power
In mathematics, power refers to the number of times a given number occurs as a factor in a product. For instance, if we say 5 to the third power, it means 5 multiplied by itself three times, resulting in 125
Reactance
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Reactance is a fundamental concept in electrical circuits, closely related to inductance and capacitance.
Reactance (also known as electrical reactance) represents the opposition to the flow of current in a circuit element due to its inductance and capacitance.
Unlike resistance, which dissipates electrical energy as heat, reactance stores energy until it is returned to the circuit a quarter-cycle later.
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an ideal resistor has zero reactance, while ideal inductors and capacitors have zero resistance. Reactance plays a crucial role in understanding AC circuits!
Inductors and capacitors are both essential components in electronic circuits, but they serve distinct purposes.
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AC vs. DC:
Capacitors: Behave as a short circuit for alternating current (AC) due to their ability to store and release charge rapidly.
Inductors: Behave as a short circuit for direct current (DC) because they resist changes in current flow.
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Applications:
Capacitors: Used for noise filtering, energy storage, timing circuits, and coupling/decoupling.
Inductors: Used in transformers, filters, oscillators, and energy storage (e.g., inductance in power supplies).
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capacitors and inductors complement each other in circuits, providing unique characteristics that enable various electronic applications. Remember, capacitors store energy in an electric field, while inductors store energy in a magnetic field
Inductance
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Inductor:
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The term “inductance” was coined by Oliver Heaviside in 1884 as a convenient way to refer to the “coefficient of self-induction.”
In honor of physicist Heinrich Lenz, we use the symbol L for inductance.
SI Unit
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One henry of inductance causes a voltage of one volt when the current changes at a rate of one ampere per second.
The henry is named after Joseph Henry, who independently discovered inductance.
Inductance describes the tendency of an electrical conductor (often in the form of a coil) to oppose changes in the electric current flowing through it.
When an electric current flows through a conductor, it generates a magnetic field around the conductor.
The strength of this magnetic field depends on the magnitude of the current and responds to any changes in that magnitude.
inductance allows conductors to store energy in a magnetic field, resisting changes in current.
Resistance
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Electrical resistance, symbolized by the Greek letter omega (Ω), is a fundamental concept in electrical circuits.
Resistance (also known as ohmic resistance) represents the opposition to current flow within an electrical circuit.
When a potential difference (voltage) is applied across a conductor, current starts flowing. However, this flow encounters obstacles due to collisions between free electrons and the atoms or molecules of the conductor.
The rate of flow of electrons or electric current is restricted, creating opposition. This opposition is what we call resistance
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If a potential of 1 volt is applied across two leads of a conductor, and a current of 1 ampere flows through it, the resistance of that conductor is said to be one ohm 1.
Symbols: The most common symbol for a resistor is a zig-zag line (used in North America).
Another symbol, a small rectangle, is widely used in Europe and Asia (termed the international resistor symbol)
resistance determines how easily current flows through a conductor, impacting the behavior of electrical circuits.
Modulation
Carrier Signal:
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For example, in radio communication, the carrier wave is transmitted through space as a radio wave to a receiver.
Modulation Signal:
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It can be an audio signal (representing sound), a video signal (representing moving images), or a digital signal (representing binary data).
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Purpose of Modulation:
Transmitting information: Modulation allows us to convey data (voice, music, pictures, etc.) over a carrier wave.
Multiplexing: Multiple channels of information can be sent through a single communication medium using frequency-division multiplexing (FDM). For instance, cable television uses FDM to transport different television channels over a single cable without interference.
Types of Modulation:
Analog Modulation: In analog modulation, the modulation signal directly affects properties of the carrier signal. Examples include:
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Digital Modulation: In digital modulation, the modulation signal represents discrete data (bits). Examples include:
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QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation): Combines amplitude and phase shifts for efficient data transmission.
Modulation is a fundamental concept in electronics and telecommunications. It involves varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform, known as the carrier signal, using a separate signal called the modulation signal. This modulation signal typically contains information that needs to be transmitted. Let’s break it down:
modulation allows us to bridge the gap between information signals and carrier waves, enabling effective communication across various mediums!
Capacitance
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Types of Capacitance
Self Capacitance: Every isolated conductor exhibits self capacitance. It measures the amount of electric charge needed to raise the conductor’s electric potential by one unit (e.g., one volt).
Mutual Capacitance: This type is relevant when considering two adjacent conductors. It’s crucial in the operation of capacitors, which are electronic components designed to add capacitance to circuits.
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SI Unit
The standard unit of capacitance is the farad (symbol: F), named after physicist Michael Faraday.
A 1 farad capacitor, when charged with 1 coulomb of electrical charge, has a potential difference of 1 volt between its plates.
capacitance allows objects to store electric charge, and it plays a crucial role in electronic circuits and energy storage systems.
Frequency
frequency is a fundamental parameter that influences everything from music to wireless communication!
Temporal frequency emphasizes occurrences over time (e.g., heartbeats per minute).
Spatial frequency relates to patterns in space (e.g., pixel density in an image).
Frequency (symbol: f or ν) represents the number of cycles or repetitions of an event per unit of time.
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The SI unit for frequency is the hertz (Hz), named after physicist Heinrich Hertz.
Current
SI Unit and Measurement
In the International System of Units (SI), electric current is expressed in amperes (A), often referred to as an “amp.”
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Applications and Effects
Electric currents create magnetic forces, which are harnessed in motors, generators, inductors, and transformers.
In ordinary conductors, current causes Joule heating, producing light in incandescent bulbs.
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Electric current is the flow of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, moving through an electrical conductor or space.
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electric current is the dynamic flow of charge that powers our devices, illuminates our world, and enables modern technology.
coulomb
The coulomb represents the quantity of electricity transported by a current of one ampere in one second.
In 1881, the International Electrical Congress (now the International Electrotechnical Commission) approved the coulomb as the unit of electric charge.
The SI defines the coulomb by taking the value of the elementary charge e to be 1.602 176 634 × 10^(-19) C.
a coulomb quantifies the flow of electric charge and plays a fundamental role in understanding electrical phenomena.
Voltage
Voltage, also known as electrical potential difference, electric pressure, or electric tension, represents the difference in electric potential between two points.
Physical Interpretation
In a static electric field, voltage corresponds to the work needed per unit of charge to move a positive test charge from one point to another.
Imagine it as the pressure that pushes charged electrons (current) through a conducting loop, enabling them to perform tasks like illuminating a light bulb 1.
SI Unit and Symbol
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Mathematically, voltage is denoted by the symbol V or E
Measurement and Context
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Often, a common reference potential (such as the system’s ground) serves as one of the points.
Voltage can be associated with either a source of energy or the loss, dissipation, or storage of energy 2.
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voltage is the driving force behind electrical currents, illuminating our world and powering our devices.
Watt
A watt measures the rate of energy transfer. Specifically, it represents the rate at which electrical work is done when one ampere (A) of current flows through one volt (V)
Mathematically, we express it as: W=A⋅V