Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Economic activity & Energy - Coggle Diagram
Economic activity & Energy
Economic sector shifts
Ethiopia (LIC)
Economic Growth and Diversification
: Robust growth driven by diversification efforts beyond agriculture. + Focus on industrialization, manufacturing, and services
Expansion of Energy Sector
: Investment in hydropower, wind, and solar energy. + Projects like GERD aim to increase energy generation capacity
Hydropower Development
: Significant potential for large-scale hydroelectric projects. + GERD on the Blue Nile River is a major undertaking
Rural Electrification
: Programs to provide electricity to remote communities. + Focus on off-grid solar systems and mini-grids
Promotion of Industrialization
: Encouraging investment in manufacturing, textiles, agro-processing, and pharmaceuticals. + Incentives, infrastructure development, and policy reforms support industrial growth
Role of Agriculture
: Significant sector contributing to employment and food security. + Agricultural development programs aim to modernize practices and improve productivity
Challenges and Opportunities
: Infrastructure constraints, limited access to finance, and climate change vulnerabilities. + Opportunities for economic transformation through renewable energy, industrialization, and agricultural modernization
China (MIC/NEE)
China is an example of an emerging country. Its economy has grown rapidly in the last forty years. Before this time China was largely an agricultural economy. More recently the secondary and tertiary sectors have grown at a very fast rate. China is in the ‘industrial’ stage of Clark-Fisher model.
Major economic reforms
introduced in 1978 aimed to
Rapidly develop manufacturing industry
Extend China’s global trade links
Increase the rate of economic growth
Over 70% of the workforce was employed in agriculture in 1978. By 2018, it was down to 27%. The tertiary sector overtook the secondary sector in 2013. Retailing and tourism are examples of fast-growing tertiary activities in China. China is a) the world’s largest manufacturing economy, and b) the world’s largest exporter of goods. However, average incomes are still well below developed countries such as the UK.
Positive
impacts of sector change
Much improved ‘soft’ infrastructure – housing, health, education.
More highly developed ‘hard’ infrastructure – roads, railways, airports, energy supply networks.
A large increase in average wages and living standards.
Increasing levels of foreign investment.
Negative
impacts of sector change
Wider regional imbalance between the fastest and slowest growing regions.
Very high levels of pollution in large urban- industrial areas.
An increasing gap between ‘richer’ urban and ‘poorer’ rural living standards.
An increasing contribution to global climate change. Increasing production of CO2.
UK (HIC)
The UK is an example of a developed country in the ‘post-industrial’ stage of the Clark-Fisher model. The Industrial Revolution began in the UK in the late eighteenth century and then spread to other countries such as Germany and the USA. The number of people working in services in the UK overtook the manufacturing workforce in 1881, over 130 years before this happened in China. Over 80% of the UK workforce is now in the tertiary sector. No region in the country has less than 70% and London has 91%.
✚The City of London contains one of the greatest concentrations of high-level tertiary industry in the world
✚It is one of the big three financial centres, along with New York and Tokyo
✚Among the important buildings in the City of London are the Bank of England, the London Stock Exchange and Lloyd’s of London (insurance)
Negative
impacts of sector change
High job losses in traditional secondary industries such as coal, iron and steel, shipbuilding and textiles due to deindustrialisation.
A cycle of deprivation in inner cities and other areas affected by large-scale manufacturing decline.
A widening gap between a) the highest and lowest paid workers and b) the richest and poorest regions.
Transnational corporations can move investment away from a country as quickly as they can bring it in, causing loss of jobs and corporation tax.
Positive
impacts of sector change
The UK attracts a very high level of foreign direct investment because of its expertise in a wide range of secondary and tertiary industries.
The UK has become one of the world’s leading exporters of tertiary products, which creates considerable wealth for the country.
Low-cost manufactured goods from China and other emerging countries have helped keep inflation low.
Deindustrialisation, with subsequent landscape renewal, has improved environmental conditions in many parts of the UK.
Informal Employment
Dhaka (Bangladesh)
Prevalence of Informal Sector
: Informal employment is significant in Dhaka, Bangladesh's capital. + Majority of urban workers are engaged in informal activities
Diverse Economic Activities
: Includes street vending, rickshaw pulling, small-scale manufacturing, and domestic work. + Often unregulated and low-paying occupations
Urban Informal Economy
: Crucial for meeting the demand for goods and services, especially among low-income residents + Street vendors and small-scale entrepreneurs contribute to the informal urban ecosystem
Vulnerabilities of Informal Workers
: Face challenges such as low wages, job insecurity, and poor working conditions. + Limited access to social protection and basic rights
Role in Urban Livelihoods
: Informal employment is a vital source of livelihood for many urban residents. + Workers rely on entrepreneurial skills and informal networks to sustain livelihoods
Policy Implications
: Comprehensive approach needed to address issues. + Interventions should focus on improving working conditions, providing social protection, promoting formalization, and supporting skill development
Energy
Qatar (HIC)
Investment in Renewable Energy
: Diversification efforts include solar power projects. + Aim to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and curb emissions
Energy Intensity of the Economy
: High per capita energy consumption due to energy-intensive industries. + Natural gas supports industries like petrochemicals and desalination
Energy Efficiency Measures
: Initiatives to improve efficiency in buildings, transportation, and industries. + Adoption of energy-efficient technologies and practices
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Production
: Leading exporter globally. + Major source of revenue and economic stability
Energy Diplomacy and Investments
: Active engagement in global energy markets and investments. + Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) supports diversification and stability
Abundance of Natural Gas
: Qatar possesses vast reserves, notably in the North Field. + Key driver of economic growth and prosperity
Sustainable Development Goals
: Committed to sustainable development outlined in National Vision 2030. + Emphasizes economic diversification, environmental stewardship, and sustainability
India (MIC)
Energy Demand Growth
: Steady rise due to population growth, urbanization, and economic development. + Increased consumption across sectors
Diverse Energy Sources
: Mix includes coal, oil, natural gas, renewables, and nuclear power. + Coal dominates, but renewables like solar and wind are growing
Renewable Energy Expansion
: Rapidly increasing capacity to enhance energy security and sustainability. + Ambitious targets set for renewable energy deployment
Challenges in Energy Access:
Many rural areas lack access to electricity and clean cooking facilities. + Addressing this gap is crucial for poverty alleviation and social inclusion
Energy Efficiency Initiatives
: Measures implemented to optimize energy use across sectors. + Schemes like PAT aim to promote efficiency and reduce emissions
Energy Security Concerns
: Dependence on imported fossil fuels raises concerns about energy security. + Diversification and domestic production are strategies to enhance security
Policy and Regulatory Framework
: Policies and frameworks promote sustainable energy development and investment. + Initiatives like National Solar Mission and UDAY drive renewable energy deployment and power sector efficiency
Nepal (LIC)
Hydropower Potential
: Abundant potential due to mountainous terrain and rivers. + Estimated capacity of 83,000 MW
Energy Demand
: Growing rapidly due to population growth and economic development. + Frequent power shortages disrupt industrial production and daily life
Energy Access
: Limited access in rural areas, where traditional biomass is common. + Improving access is crucial for poverty reduction and economic opportunities.
Grid Connectivity
: Relatively underdeveloped, especially in remote areas. + Expansion efforts underway to enhance coverage and reliability
Renewable Energy Development
: Exploring solar, wind, and biomass to diversify energy mix. + Potential for decentralized solutions in off-grid areas
Energy Sector Challenges
: Inadequate investment, capacity, and policy constraints. + Vulnerability to natural disasters like earthquakes
International Cooperation
: Collaborating with partners and organizations to address challenges. + Initiatives like cross-border projects and support from multilateral organizations