Concept Map 07:Endocrine, Vina Truong, Period 2
Major Functions of Endocrine System
Major Endocrine Structures
Homeostatic Mechanisms of Hormone Regulation
Steroid Vs Non Steroid hormones
Steroid
Non Steroid
Made of up cells, tissues and organs- Endocrine glands
Secrete hormones into bodily fluids
Works with NS, to maintain homeostatis
Note: The system are not anatomically adjacent
Endocrine Organs
Include hormones produced, functions and target organs
Separate by region/body cavity
Endocrine Glands
Hormones diffuse into blood stream (act on specific target cells)
Certain glands secrete Messanger molecules- do not reach blood stream
Secrete hormones into body fluids
Examples: Estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol
Derived from cholesterol
Peptides- antidireutic, oxytoxin, thyotropin releasing hormone
Amines, peptides, proteins or glycoproteins- DERIVED FROM AMINO ACIDS
Compare and Contrast
Non steroid- Not lipid soluable
Steroid
Positive Feedback
Negative Feedback
NS influences Endocrine glands directly
Glands respond directly to changes in fluid composition
release of hormones from hypothalamus
Release of oxytoxin is controlled through positive feedback
Disorders Associated
Gigantiuses
Adrenal Sex Hormones
Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism
Diabetes Mellitus- lack of insulin OR inability of cells to recognize insulin
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
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Diabetes Type I
Diabetes Type II
Cushing syndrome
Addison Disease
NS and Endocrine system
Endocrine System
Nervous System
Local hormones- Paracrine secretions (affect neighboring cells)
Autocrine secretions (affect only secretory cells)
Major Glands
Exocrine (secrete products into ducts outside int. environment)
Exndocrine (secrete hormones into body to affect target cells
Major glands
Binding site AND activity site
Hormone- First messanger
Combine with RECEPTORS in target cell membrane
Hormones receptor complex binds with DNA and ACITIVATES specific genes within it
Protein receptors- located INSIDE target cell
Lipid soluble - pass through cell membranes
MAJOR GLANDS
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Pituitary Gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Pineal gland
Reproductive Glands
Ovaries
Testes
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Kidneys
Thymus
Specifity-post synaptic cleft responds
Speed of onset- Seconds
Chem. signal- neurotransmitter-synaptic cleft
Very brief, unless neuronal activity continues
Cells-neurons , conduct impulse
Glandular cells secrete hormones into BS
Target cells respond to hormone
Cells-Epithelialand others
Hormones have no effect on other cells
Seconds to hours, may be brief or last days
Chemical in cell that respond to binding of hormone and cause- changes- second messanger
Signal- transduction and cause- effects of hormone
Amines- Norepinephrine, Epi, thyroid hormones
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Polypeptides and proteins- parathyroid hormone, growth, prolactin
Glycoproteins- protein and carbs. FSH, LH, and TSTH
Autoimmune
Beta cells destroyed, insulin production DECREASES or stops
Insulin produced, but not recognized by cells
Heart
GI Tract
Liver
Glands
Pituitary Gland
Controlled by hypothalamus
Releases and inhibits hormones from hypothalamus
Directly to ant. pituitary by hypophyseal portal veins
Posterior- Releases hormones in nerve impulses from hypothalamus
Posterior Pituitary
TSH- secretion of hormones from thyroid gland
GH- Stimulates growth
PRL- milk production after birth
ACTH- secretion of hormones from adrenal cortex
Anterior Pituitary
OT- oxytocin smooth muscle contraction
ADH- kidneys to CONSERVE water
FSH- follicle stimulating hormone- ovaries, male- production of sperm cells
LH- role in releasingg egg cell
Hormone levels rises, further secretion inhibits by negative feedback
Negative feedback controls hormone release
Hyperparathyroidism and Hypoparathyroidism
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Hypoparathyroidism
OVeractivity of thyroid gland
Low metabolic rate, fatigue, weight gain
Infants: cause- cretinism poor Bone growth
Overactivity of Thyroid gland
High metabolic rate, restlessness, overeating
Eye protrusion
Thyroid
Caloric intake- Thyroxine
Blood calcium level, Bone growth- BMR
2 hormones:
Calcitonin- LOWERS blood calcium
Goiter- enlarged thyroid, bulge in neck
Parathyroid
PTH
INCREASES blood calcium ion concrnentration
When blood calcium levels are TOO LOW
When blood calcium levels are TOO HIGH
Cause-: parathyroid tumor
Increase in blood calcium
Excess of PTH
Result: decrease in blood calcium
Deficiency of PTH, surgical removal, injury to glands
Adrenal glands
Layers
Adrenal hormones
Middle: fasciculata
Inner: reticularis
Outer: zona glomerulosa
Inner adrenal medulla:
Outer adrenal cortex:
Epinephrine:
Norepinephrine
Increase HR, BP, blood glucose, dilate airways, decrease digestive activities
Aldodestrone:MINERALCORTICOID- regulate electrolyte/mineral balance
Cortisol: GLUCOCORTICOID - glucose metabolism
Sex Hormones
Mostly male hormones
Prodocused by inner zone
Adrenal Androgens, supplement sex hormones from gonads
Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids
Hypersecretion of adrenal cortisol hormones
Pancreas
Secretes digestive juice as exocrine gland
COntrol level ofblood glucose
Secretes hormones as endocrine
Hormones
Glucagon- INCREASE blood level of glucose
Insulin- DECREASES blood level of glucose
Pineal, Thymus, other glands
Thymus- secretes thymosins - T lymphocytes
Heart - atrial natriuetic peptide affects sodium water excretion by kidneys
Pineal- Regulate of circadium rhythms, secretes melatonin
Kidneys - secrete erythropoietin blood cell production
Reproductive glands
Ovaries- estrogen and progesterone
Placenta- estrogen, progestrone, and gonadotropin
Testes- testosterone
Stress Responses
Stress response or general adaptation syndrome
Types of Stress
Physical- threatens survival of tissues, extreme cold, prolonged exercise, o2 deficiency, infections
Psychological- real or perceived dangers, feelings of anger, depression, fear, grief
Resistance stage: cortisol from adrenal cortex
Long term stress
Alarm stage: IMMEDIATE fight or flight response
Decrease of lymphocytes
Increase of high BP, antherosclerosis, GI ulcers
Increase blood amino acids, fatty acid release, glucose formation from non carbohydrates