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Concept Map 07:Endocrine, Vina Truong, Period 2, Steroid Vs Non Steroid…

- - - - Hypersecretion of adrenal cortisol hormones
    - - Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids
  - - - OVeractivity of thyroid gland
      - Low metabolic rate, fatigue, weight gain
      - Infants: cause- cretinism poor Bone growth
    - - Overactivity of Thyroid gland
      - High metabolic rate, restlessness, overeating
      - Eye protrusion
      - Goiter- enlarged thyroid, bulge in neck
  - - - Autoimmune
      - Beta cells destroyed, insulin production DECREASES or stops
    - - Insulin produced, but not recognized by cells
  - - - Cause-: parathyroid tumor
      - Increase in blood calcium
      - Excess of PTH
    - - Result: decrease in blood calcium
      - Deficiency of PTH, surgical removal, injury to glands
  - - - Resistance stage: cortisol from adrenal cortex
      - Long term stress
        
        Decrease of lymphocytes
        
        Increase of high BP, antherosclerosis, GI ulcers
        
        Increase blood amino acids, fatty acid release, glucose formation from non carbohydrates
      - Alarm stage: IMMEDIATE fight or flight response
    - - Physical- threatens survival of tissues, extreme cold, prolonged exercise, o2 deficiency, infections
      - Psychological- real or perceived dangers, feelings of anger, depression, fear, grief
- - - - OT- oxytocin smooth muscle contraction
      - ADH- kidneys to CONSERVE water
  - - - PTH
      - INCREASES blood calcium ion concrnentration
      - When blood calcium levels are TOO LOW
  - - - Middle: fasciculata
      - Inner: reticularis
      - Outer: zona glomerulosa
    - - Inner adrenal medulla:
        
        Epinephrine:
        
        Norepinephrine
        
        Increase HR, BP, blood glucose, dilate airways, decrease digestive activities
      - Outer adrenal cortex:
        
        Aldodestrone:MINERALCORTICOID- regulate electrolyte/mineral balance
        
        Cortisol: GLUCOCORTICOID - glucose metabolism
      - Sex Hormones
        
        Mostly male hormones
        
        Prodocused by inner zone
        
        Adrenal Androgens, supplement sex hormones from gonads
  - - - Glucagon- INCREASE blood level of glucose
      - Insulin- DECREASES blood level of glucose
    - - Thymus- secretes thymosins - T lymphocytes
      - Heart - atrial natriuetic peptide affects sodium water excretion by kidneys
      - Pineal- Regulate of circadium rhythms, secretes melatonin
      - Kidneys - secrete erythropoietin blood cell production
      - Reproductive glands
        
        Ovaries- estrogen and progesterone
        
        Placenta- estrogen, progestrone, and gonadotropin
        
        Testes- testosterone
- - - - Ovaries
      - Testes
    - - Kidneys
      - Thymus