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RELIGIOUS REFORMS, image, image, image, image, image, image, image, image,…
RELIGIOUS REFORMS
The Catholic Church in Crisis
Catholic Church authority was being callenged
Humanism
Humanism emphasised the value of humans and promoted individual interpretation of the Bible.
Aim
Encourage personal, critical religious thinking
Printing press
Ideas began to spread
Authoritarian Monarchies
Monarchs had more control over the Church, weakening the authority of the pope.
Buying and selling indulgences
Sins could be pardoned in exchange for money given to the Church.
For Catholics, this was a way of becoming more spiritually and morally relaxed, as they no longer feared going to hell.
Harmful practices
Living Humbly
High clergy was wealthy, many believed that this was not consistent with the Christian doctrine of poverty.
Clergymen owned large properties and also benefits from tithe payments
Correcting moral standards
Priests sometimes did not honour their religious vows
Preventing corruptions
Clergymen engaged in corrupt practices, such as simony and nepotism
Resistant to change
Many people calling for reform
Catholic society believed that sin was the root of all evil
The Church’s resistance to change, therefore, reinforced the perception that the Church needed to be reformed
The Protestant Reformation
The Lutheran Reformation
16th century
Started by Martin Luther
Opposed the Pope Leo X proporsal to grant indulgences in exchange for money to build St. Peter's Basilica in The Vatican (1517)
He wrote Ninety-Five Theses criticising indulgences, thank to the printing press the idea spread widely
Was expelled from the Christian Church and developed his own doctrine based on individual Christianity
Lutheran ideas spread throughout the Holy Roman Empire, Emperor Carlos V intervened
He tried to seek a compromise between Luther and The Catholic Church
He later condemned Lutheranism at two imperial assemblies: the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Diet of Speyer (1529)
In the Diet of Speyer 6 reformist princes and 14cities protested Luther’s condemnation
Protestants
Marked the start of hostilities between the Protestant and the Catholic princes, who were led by the emperor.
Lutheran Doctrine
Salvation through faith.
For saving your soul, strong faith
Free interpretation of the Bible
Reformation of the Sacraments.
Only two, Baptism and Euchariste
Universal priesthood.
Lutherans rejected the hierarchy of the Catholic Church and the authority of the pope. Protestant pastors replaced priests, not celibate
Religious orders
Worship of images of the Virgin Mary and saints were prohibited.
Catholic Doctrine
To achieve salvation
Must have faith and follow all precepts, do good works
Church's interpretation of the Bible
Only a valid one, the Latin version, Vulgate Bible
Seven Sacraments
Baptism, Confirmation, the Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Matrimony and Holy Orders.
Hierarchical structure
Well defined, members had to be celibate
Religious and Military orders
Worshipping the Virgin Mary and saints were very important.
Calvinism
A French priest called John Calvin (1509–1564) established a theocracy in Geneva.
Principles
Strict adherence to the Bible
The only expression of God's will
Belief in predestination
Everyone is born predestined either to be saved or condemned.
Humility and austerity
Although financial and social success were not punished.
Miguel Servet
A Spanish Humanist
He was arrested in Geneva, where he was burnt at the stake as a result of his confrontation with the Calvinists.
The English Reformation
England
Religious reform was more politically motivated than theologically motivated
King Henry VIII asked the Catholic Church to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragón so that he could marry Anne Boleyn.
Act Of Supremacy (1534)
The Pope refused
Henry VIII royal supremacy, meaning he became head of the Church of England, which separated from the Catholic Church.
the Church’s power was diminished under the English monarchs.
The Influence of Calvinism
Calvinists in France were called Huguenots.
Religious conflicts between Huguenots and Catholics caused instability, violence and wars
Calvinists in the Low Countries, Scotland and England were called Puritans
Puritanism developed here because of dissatisfaction with the lack of judgement established by the English Reformation.
They believed that the Church of England needed to be purified of the influence of Catholicism.
The Catholic Reformation: The Counter-Reformation
An internal reform called Counter Reformation
The Catholic Church tried to stop the spread of the Protestant Reformation
Council of Trent
A programme of changes was formulated in response to the Protestant Reformation
Main Agreements
The Church’s hierarchical structure was reaffirmed with the pope as its head
Catholic dogma was also reaffirmed.
Salvation was achieved through faith and good works.
The Vulgate Bible was the only valid version
The seven sacraments and worship of the Virgin Mary and saints were maintained.
Priests and the high clergy needed to have better discipline and training
The Inquisition was strengthened, and a list of prohibited books was created
The Compañía de Jesús was created by Ignacio de Loyola to promote Catholicism.
