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Charles - Coggle Diagram
Charles
Failure to Achieve a settlement
Prides Purge: Dec 1648
Much army + MPs believe Charles personally responsible for bloodshed suffered since 1642
General council army want put Charles under public trial
5 Dec 1648 commons voted 129-83 to negotiate with Charles
decision too much for Army leaders. 6 Dec Colonel Pride acted behalf army forcefully turned away MPs who voted in Favour
Commons who remained known as the Rump
Role Oliver Cromwell
Cromwell uncertain about fate but believed it was legal
Once reached decision Cromwell acted with resolution confidence in his conviction
Cromwell told the commons that God had guided their decision.
Cromwell at all but 2 trials + signature on death warrant
The trial and execution
Charles attitude
behaved with dignity
Refused to plead when permitted to speak asked accused by what legal authority he was brought before they had no legitimate answer
Charles had the better of arguments but fate already decided
Declared guilty condemned to death 30 Jan 1649 sentenced carried out
The trial
Charles and Victory Parliament 1640-1646
Short and long Parliament
Short Parliament
people not convinced king intended restore working relationship with parliament
Charles lost opportunity to unite country behind him in his campaign against the scots
One function of parliament to give legitimacy to royal acts
absence of parliament for 11 years more pressing issues than support kings war
many division 1630: Ship money, Changes in religion. accumulation of grievances that required careful handling by the king
Commons discussed grievances Put into catagories by pym : Infringement of parliament libertes, innovations in religion: Violations of property
Commons not prepared to make new grant of money until ship money settled
Charles offered relinquish ship money for 12 subsides but dissolved parliament before decison made
Charles lost opportunity swing country behind him.
Position far worse parliament not voted any money, small minority country still paying ship money, discontent in London. Crown appeared be acting in increasingly Autocratic mannor
Long Parliament
high hoped when met redress all grievances
Proved impossible because Charles wanted to restore his authority but opponents determined to prevent this
Puritans saw parliament as best defence against popery. Thye feared a popish plot would take over the realm
Moderates wished undo innovations of 1630s return to status quo.
These differences not obvious at first striking about what needed to be done first: Dismantle the financial and religious innovations of 1630 and punish those deamed responsible especially strafford and Laud.
In first few weeks Stafford and Laud arrested . ship money judges impeached
The presence of scots in northumbland prevented dissolution. Two subsides voted in December to cover immediate needs.
the crises of 1640–1642,
Pym
Successfully reduced kings power by securing contril over key committes
pym understood gov could not function without inadequate revenue.
Commons increased original 2 subsidies to 6 brought only £300,000. Scots army already cost £230,000
decidied to pay off both armies by means of poll tax
The Irish rebellion
Impact
overestimation of the number of English settlers massacred it sparked outcry in England. reported over 200,000 realistically 5000
confirmation to many of a Popish/Catholic plot and it played into the hands of Pym who used it as propaganda
claims that it was Charles who ordered them, which some beleived with his closeness to Catholicism and Armenianism
Irish leaders rebelled hoping force change of administration more sympathetic towards catholics
Request to replace the hated 'New English' who had been taking measures against Catholics.
Aims
Parliamentary independence under crown; Security of title to lands; freedom worship worship without financal or political penalty
Attempt seize Dublin castle but failed and conspirators arrested
The Grand Remonstrance
charles keen supress irish. Mps feared use army against them
Grande demonstrance document that pym and committee worked on vague about specific policies. in its 204 articles Charles past and present actions discredited
Able to push through measure stating king should only approve councillors that approved by parliament. Moderates this challeneged the kings right to appoint advisors
Important step in Parliament amassing the powers it needed to challenge king
Dismantling prerogative government
first move ensure Charles not use weapon of dissolution parliament relied protection Scots army
alliance scots came at price namely abolistion bishops. Also actual price £850 per day. since much popularity parliament rested on discontent about taxation about taxation mounting cost in this way risked losing parliament support
The triennial Act 1641
stipulated their should be a parliament every three years also laid down mechanism of calling one using sheriffs
highly offensive to Charles financial pressure forced him to pass the bill but left Parliament convinced he would ignore it if he could
Charles had to sign a bill that declared the present Parliament could only be dissolved with its own consent
Remedial measure May to August 1641
tonnage and poundage granted to Charles all other custom charges forbidden Charles major source revenue under parliament control
July 1641 acts abolished Star Chamber and the court high commission
August 1641 ship money and distrait of knighthood were outlawed
Ten propositions June 1641
Charles announced intentions visiting Scotland fears about whether he would use on of armies to help reassert power
dre up ten propositions urging king: postpone his journey until armies disbanded;to dismiss evil counsellors and replace them with officers confine in; give control of miliary forces to those who were faithful and trusty; exclude catholics as advisors of the Queen;
Showed how deep parliament mistrust was. Seeking control of Charles advisors. Imposing radical new restrictions on monarch
5 members
concerned on increasingly open attacks of wife. Charles accused 5 MPs (PYm, Hampden, haselrig, Holles and strode of treason and demanded their arrest
lords refused to cooperate charles went commons with armed soliders to arrest them himself
they had already been forewarned
aftermath
commons declared arrest violation of parliamentary privielge
charles could not be trusted
parliamentary politics had broken down nobody could agree on a way forward
Reform of the church
Religious was the best predictor for who would fight for parliament
enthusiastic support many bishops gave laudianism and justification royal prerogative encouraged more radical approach. Parishioners took matters into own hands tearing down rail alters
laud in prison authority breaking down
fear popish plots
no clear agreement on how to progress, stalemate until may, whne botched 'army plot gave substance to idea of popish plot subvert Englands liberties and impose new catholic tyranny by force
evidence charles had made moves to bring army south
Henrietta maria seeking assistance from foreign catholic powers.
Charles in Scotland
Charles in Ireland
Outbreak of war
radicals in charge of parliament passed a series of measures which transferred many of crowns power to parliament
remaining bishops excluded from house of commons
militia ordinance passed gave parliament kings military authority
Charles accepted first measures but would not give his assent to the latter
Charles I 1625-1640
aims and problems in 1625