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Part 2 - - Coggle Diagram
Part 2 -
Theories of motivation
People with high need for achievement often undertake tasks in which there is a high probability of success and avoid tasks that are either too easy (because of lack of challenge) or too difficult (because of fear of failure).
Need to avoid Failure (NAF)
These people tend to avoid challenges because they do not want to risk failing. They are slow workers who avoid responsibility. They do not like assessment and are easy to influence not to take part.
The aim of need achievement theory is to explain why certain individuals are more motivated to achieve than others. It is based on two psychological principles: the motive of an individual to achieve success and the motive of an individual to avoid failure.
Self-determination Theory (SDT) is a motivational theory of personality, development, and social processes that examines how social contexts and individual differences facilitate different types of motivation, especially autonomous motivation and controlled motivation, and in turn predict learning, performance
Weiner's attribution theory states that an individual's causal attributions of achievement affect subsequent behaviors and motivation.
Task orientation predicted anticipated positive affect in the outstanding performance context, but was not significant in the enjoyment context. Ego orientation predicted anticipated negative affect in the enjoyment context, but was not significant in the outstanding performance context.
Achievement goal theory holds that, when performing achievement-related tasks, individuals can fluctuate in their state of involvement directed toward task or ego goals. That is, they can be more or less task- and ego-involved at any point during task engagement.
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Theories of aggression
Social learning theory suggests that social behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others. Psychologist Albert Bandura developed social learning theory open_in_new as an alternative to the earlier work of fellow psychologist B.F. Skinner, known for his influence on behaviorism.
If a goal is being blocked, people often become frustrated. If we're feeling very angry at the source of that frustration, we may become aggressive. The frustration-aggression theory states that frustration often leads to aggressive behavior
The instinct theory of motivation suggests that motivation is a result of our biological instincts. It was promoted by prominent psychologists such as William McDougall and Sigmund Freud but has also faced many criticisms, such as being hard to prove with research
The theory says that aggression is the result of blocking, or frustrating, a person's efforts to attain a goal. When first formulated, the hypothesis stated that frustration always precedes aggression, and aggression is the sure consequence of frustration.
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Reversal theory
The theory of psychological reversals, or 'reversal theory', is a relatively new theory of motivation and personality that places emphasis on the inconsistency and changeability of human behaviour and experience.
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