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Question 2 Explain how psychological theories can be applied - Coggle…
Question 2
Explain how psychological theories can be applied
Motivation
Need to Achieve (NACH): These are the people that thrive on a challenge, these individuals take risks and enjoy being evaluated.
Need to Avoid Failure (NAF): These people tend to avoid challenges to avoid the possibility of failure, these people take is easy and do not like the enjoyment of being evaluated.
NACH: Motive to achieve success, look for achievement and enhanced performance.
NAF: Motive to avoid failure, focus on the shame of failing, avoid challenged and perform poorly.
Achievement Goal Theory (Nicholls,1984)
Task orientation: Improves on success, ability and learning, these people maintain a high interest in challenging themselves and maximal effort.
Ego orientation: Being better than others (winning) and focuses on proving their ability to others. These people show low interest and do not set themselves a challenge.
Weiners Attribution Theory
Why did I do that? (attribution)
Need to explain success and failure
Ability - "Always been good"
Effort - "I worked hard for that"
Task difficulty - "That was easy"
Luck - "I was lucky with that"
Self Determination Theory
Framework for researching personality and motivational in people.
Autonomy - Having control over your own actions.
Competence - Having perception that you're good enough.
Relatedness - Having the sense you belong there.
Arousal, Anxiety and Aggression
Arousal
Drive Theory (Hull, 1951): Arousal & performance as linear: performance increases in proportion to arousal, high arousal level results in high performance level.
Catastrophe Theory: Performance increases as physical arousal increases, when the arousal levels gets too high, performance dramatically decreases.
Inverted U Theory: Arousal that improves performance up to an optimal point. Performance will exceed to a optimum arousal level then decline.
Anxiety
Multidimensional Anxiety Theory: There will be a negative but linear relationship between cognitive anxiety and performance. There will be an inverted U relationship between
somatic anxiety and performance.
Zone of Optimal Functioning: Find optimal zone by recording data of anxiety and replicating levels
that lead to best performance
Reversal Theory; Is changing the way we think, by experiencing high levels of arousal and anxiety can cause the thought of the fear of failing. Revering the way you think can cause excitement about the performance.
Aggression
Instinct Theory: Aggression viewed as an inborn drive. (animal like, hunger and thirst)
Freudian theory
Ethological viewpoint: Animals, including humans, are innately aggressive
Catharsis -- sports seen as a socially acceptable way to discharge aggression
Natural instinct within
Social Learning Theory: Aggression viewed as a learned behaviour
Modelling in sports (e.g., young athletes watching aggressive play
Strong learning occurs when aggressive play is seen as successful and portrayed as justifiable
Aggressive play is reinforced (receiving praise from coaches, parents,peers)
Frustration-Aggression Theory: Aggression viewed as a response to frustration.
A variation of the catharsis theory
Frustration can lead to a variety of responses (e.g., aggression, increased effort, quitting)
Anger + Stress physiology (positive feedback loop)
Self confidence