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Eukaryotic Cell Organelles (plant/animal/fungi), Description of Structure,…
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles (plant/animal/fungi)
Nucleus/Nucleolus
The nuclear envelope has nuclear pores - Entire Genetic Material of the cell is found in chromatin
The nucleolus is highly condensed DNA (usually 1 per nucleus but can be more
Nuclear pores allow facilitated diffusion out of the nucleoplasm e.g. mRNA
Role of the nucleus is to produce ribosomes
Has a double membrane
Has is own DNA & Ribosomes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
The RER membrane is continuous with the outer nucleus
The ribosomes are embedded in the cisternae
Has a series of flattened membranes called cisternae
The role of the RER is to translate intra & extracellular proteins via their ribosomes
Some of these proteins will become transport proteins in the cell-surface membrane
Proteins are folded into their tertiary structure in the cisternal lumen
Transport finalised proteins to the Golgi via vesicles (small non-permanent vacuole)
Has its own ribosomes
Ribosomes
They have 2 sub-units (small & large)
80s ribosomes are in eukaryotic cells
The role of small subunit is to accept mRNA
The role of the large subunit is to accept tRNA
Golgi Body
The GB single membrane bound organelle which consists of a series of compartments & is a collection of fused flattened membrane, enclosed disks stacked on top of each other known as cisternae
There is also a cis face (closest to the nucleus) & a trans face on the Golgi apparatus
The cis face receives proteins from an ER vesicle
It modifies proteins by adding a carbohydrate chain to it
Secretory vesicles leave from the trans face
Proteins are secreted/embedded in the cell membrane
Lysosome
Membrane bound organelle only found in eukaryotic cells
Single phospholipid bilayer
Contains enzymes such as protease, amylase & lipase
Glycosylated proteins in membrane structure
They break down cellular waste, digest large organelles with enzymes that are found in the lumen of the lysosome
Lysosomes can carry out autophagy (when lysosomes destroy inefficient organelles)
Cam cause complete cell lysis if cell is inefficient
In phagocytosis lysosomes hydrolyse bacteria
Mitochondria
Aerobic Respiration is used to synthesise ATP
Have 70s ribosomes
The inner membrane is called the cristae membrane
They cytoplasm like substance is called the matrix
The cristae membrane is where chemiosmosis occurs
Function of the matrix is where the link reaction & Krebs cycle takes place
Has a double membrane
Has own DNA & Ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
No ribosomes therefore smooth
The SER is tubular
Synthesis lipids:
1 - Cholesterol for cell membrane
2 - Steroid hormones e.g. testosterone
SER - involved in detoxification of cells (alcohol)
Regulates & releases calcium ions - in muscle cells -> sarcoplasmic reticulum
Centrioles
Only found is animal cells
Has 9 microtubules triplets
not bound by a membrane
2 centrioles pair at a right angle
only active during cell division
produce spindle fibres which attach to chromosomes & pull each sister chromatid to opposite sides of the cell before it divides
The cell microtubule spindle fibres elongate the cell for cytokinesis
Description of Structure
Explanation of Role