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Theme 3: Behaviourist paradigm. - Coggle Diagram
Theme 3: Behaviourist paradigm.
Behavioural view.
The Tabula Rasa: People are initially seen as having no innate predispositions. Behaviour is entirely a product of environmental experiences.
Focus on learning: Behaviourists study how associations, reinforcements, and punishments modify behaviour.
Central idea: Behaviourist perspective emphasises the role of environmental factors in shaping observable behaviours. Development is driven by learning through interactions.
Classical conditioning.
Central idea: A neutral stimulus can be paired with a stimulus that triggers a response to elicit the same response even without the original trigger.
Process.
During conditioning: Bell is repeatedly paired with food.
After conditioning: Bell alone (conditioned stimulus) triggers salivation (conditioned response).
Before conditioning.
Food (unconditioned stimulus) automatically causes salivation (unconditioned response).
Bell (neutral stimulus) causes no specific response.
Founder: Ivan Pavolv, known for his experiments with dogs and salivation.
Operant conditioning.
Operant conditioning: A type of learning where behaviours are strengthened or weakened based on the consequences.
Reinforcement increases behaviour.
Negative reinforcement: Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behaviour.
Punishment decreases behaviour: Introducing an undesirable consequence to discourage a behaviour.
Positive reinforcement: Adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behaviour.
B. F. Skinner's focus: Skinner studied observable behaviours and how they're shaped by environmental consequences.
Focus on observable behavior.
Habits as building blocks: Watson viewed development as a process of acquiring habits - associations between stimuli and responses.
Tabula Rasa: He believed we begin life with no innate tendencies, and development is shaped by the environment.
Rejecting the unseen: Watson only studied observable behaviours, dismissing the unconscious or internal mental processes as unscientific.
Little Albert Experiment: Watson and Rayner induced fear of a white rat in a baby by repeatedly pairing it with a loud noise to demonstrate classical conditioning.
Limitations of behaviourism.
Advances in technology: Modern neuroscience tools allow the study of once-hidden mental processes. These challenge the strict behaviourist view.
Chomsky's critique of language learning: Noam Chomsky argued that language acquisition can't be explained solely by environmental learning. He thought kids have an innate language acquisition device (LAD).
Oversimplification of development: It fails to account for the complexity of development. It neglects the role of internal mental processes which impact how we learn and behave.