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Theme 2: Psychodynamic views. - Coggle Diagram
Theme 2: Psychodynamic views.
Biological view.
Aspects of development, from physical growth to cognitive abilities, is influenced by biological makeup.
Some biological influences.
Physiological responses to emotions: Bodies react through physical changes like increased heart rate, faster breathing, and dry mouth.
Neurological and chemical mechanisms: Central nervous system, hormones, neurotransmitters, and neuromodulators play a role in development.
Sensory and motor neurons: These are responsible for transmitting information from the body to the brain, allowing us to perceive and interact with the world.
Development happens against a biological backdrop.
Psychodynamic perspective.
Focus on the unconscious: Much of our mental life occur below conscious awareness - unresolved conflicts and desires can manifest in various ways.
Defense mechanisms: In internal conflicts, we employ tactics like repression, denial, or sublimation to manage them.
Freud's legacy: Freud's work led to his realisation that unconscious motives strongly influence behaviour. He postulated the existence of the id, ego, and superego.
Developmental stages: Freud's psychosexual stages of development highlight the potential for fixations when conflicts at specific stages remain unresolved.
Psychodynamic vs. Psychoanalytic: Psychodynamic psychology builds on Freud's psychoanalytic theory but encompasses a broader range of perspectives focused on conscious and unconscious influences.
Freud's psychosexual stages.
Phallic (3 - 6 years).
Genital awareness.
Oedipus/Electra complex.
Erogenous zone: Genitals.
Identification with same-sex parents is crucial.
Latent (6 - puberty).
Sexual energy dormant.
Focus on social skills and development.
Anal (1 - 3 years).
Toilet training is central.
Fixation leads to rigid or chaotic personality traits.
Erogenous zone: Bowel and bladder control.
Genital (Puberty onward).
Reawakening of sexual interest.
Focus on well-balanced personality if prior stages navigated successfully.
Oral (0 - 18 months).
Focus on the mouth (sucking, biting).
Fixation leads to oral-dependent behaviours.
Erogenous zone: Mouth.
Key idea: Freud theorised that kids progress through stages defined by a focus on specific erogenous zones, with potential fixation shaping personality.
Freud's contributions and critiques.
Contributions.
Early experience matters: Emphasised the long-term impact of childhood experiences on development, even if the nature of such impact is debated.
Unconscious motivation: Highlighted the influence of unconscious thoughts and desires on behaviour, shifting focus beyond purely conscious experience.
Critiques.
Biased views on women: His concepts reflected the social limitations of his time and have been challenged.
Overemphasis on sexuality: Fixations on psychosexual stages and the Oedipus/Electra complex are considered an overly reductive view of complex development.
Challenges to generalisability: Freud's doesn't apply universally, limiting its overall validity.
Lack of scientific rigor: Relied on case studies and subjective interpretation, lacking empirical support.
Erikson expanding on Freud.
Lifespan perspective: Theorised that development is a lifelong process while Freud focused on childhood.
Psychosocial crises: Each of the eight stages presents a unique developmental challenge, shaping personality based on how social conflicts are resolved.
Shift in focus: Emphasised social and cultural factors as central to development, moves away from Freud's biological and sexual emphasis.
Role of the unconscious: Acknowledged the unconscious mind but placed less importance on it compared to Freud's focus on instinctual drives.
Theorised that individuals face a unique psychosocial crisis at each stage. How these crises are resolved shapes development.
Erikson's eight stages.
Industry vs. Inferiority (6 - 12 years): Developing competence or feeling inadequate.
Identity vs. Role confusion (Adolescence): Finding a sense of self or facing identity confusion.
Initiative vs. Guilt (3 - 6 years): Taking initiative or experiencing guilt if overly controlled.
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adulthood): Forming close bonds or facing loneliness.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (18 months - 3 years): Gaining independence or feeling self-doubt.
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood): Contributing to society or feeling unproductive.
Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth - 18 months): Developing basic trust in caregivers.
Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood): Finding meaning and satisfaction or facing regret.