sex versus gender - gender roles assigned to women on the basis of their sex

rejected concept of motherhood and idea that women had predetermined nurturing instinct - societal indoctrination

sex and domestic economics go hand in hand - for women to survive need to depend on sexuality and body in order to please their husbands

societal pressure - young girls compelled to conform in society and prepare for motherhood by playing with toys that are specifically designed for and marketed to them

biological differences were irrelevant in modern society - women intellectually equal to men - rejected social darwinism

traditional role of women in the nuclear family was comparable to slavery - communal form of living whereby child rearing would be shared - allowing women wider role in society

capitalism - women forced to sell labour to survive - use their labour to support their family under capitalism system

the family - not just and instrument for disciplining and subjecting women to capitalism but a place where men took refuge from alienation under capitalist economy

revolution within a revolution needed to restructure capitalism and patriarchy

patriarchy grants men ownership over their wife and children - entrenches sexism - marriage sees women loose their identity

women portrayed as possessions of men to be fought over and owned

critical of monogamous marriage, romantic love and family unit - this trinity reinforces patriarchy - need for sexual revolution

women of colour - brought cultural concerns into mainstream feminist movement

need to recognise plethora of female experiences in order to construct genuine conclusive sister hood

biological differences have observable physical attributes such as external and internal anatomy, chromosomes and hormone prevelance

refers to biological differences between men and women - assigned sex at birth

CPG argues that gender roles are socially constructed from young age, subordinating women to the will of men

KM and bh perceive social construction as beginning in childhood with family unit - women have multiple identities not based on gender alone

SDB wrote that biological differences had been used by male dominated state and society as justification for predetermining gender role of women

SR women's consciousness created by men as part of capitalist machine

most feminists argue that gender roles socially constructed and form gender stereotypes

liberal - patriarchy can be reformed by the state - female emancipation, access to education, workplace equality etc.

KM granted men ownership over their wife and children - entrenching sexism with the idea of male superiority

SR influenced by marxism when suggested that solution to female oppression was revolution that would destroy both capitalism and patriarchy

SR marriage was like feudalism with women akin to surfs paying feudal dues to their husband

radical - personal is political as patriarchy is prevalent in private sphere of family life

SDB championed contraception as it allowed women control of bodies and chance to avoid endless childbearing

liberal - focus on public sphere of society (equal pay, workplace conditions) state should not involved in private life of women

family socialised young into recognising M authority and F marginalisation in society

SDB dismissed idea of innate female characteristics as myth invented by men to confine women to suppressed state

equality - focus should be on pursuing equality between men and women

bh ideas inspired kimberlé crenshaw theory of intersectionality - challenged notion that gender is most important factor in understanding womens lives

bh criticised 2nd wave for conceptualising feminism from a white middle class educated perspective - R and L exclusion of concerns for minority groups

every women has multiple identities so singular notion of sisterhood gives way to a more communal concept of solidarity

idea that biological factors determine different characters and behaviour of men and women - certain behaviours natural and not socially constructed

liberal, radical, socialist and post modern all agree - equality feminists

women must embrace distinctiveness - fundamentally different

friedan argued that society forces women into roles of housewife and mother - patriarchal society can be reformed via state and cultural action

socialist feminists SR society is economically determined by male capitalists and that a revolution is needed in order to change the status of workers and women

liberal and radical disagree on where to challenge patriarchy - liberals prefer public sphere of society - radicals argue that patriarchy must be challenged in both public and private

post modern argue that society is too multifaceted to be determined by one variable such as gender and that we need to look at intersectionality

socialist and radical feminists argue that patriarchal culture is so embedded in society and state - fanciful image that state can combat patriarchy

liberal feminists agree that state has been instrument to reinforce patriarchy BUT argue that function can change - state can be conduit for reform and the tackling patriarchy

PM argue that there is a complexity to state oppression that other branches of feminism miss because their tendency to generalise - bh argues that race is as important as gender

united in their belief that economic world discriminates against women

discrimination includes unpaid labour in the home and lack of equality of opportunity in the workplace

CPG argued that economic independence was fundamental part of female emancipation

engels argued that women are often reduced to being a reserve army of labour

SR argues that women must become political force to facilitate communist process

black women from poor backgrounds face poverty and inequalities that middle class white women do not face