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PSYC1010 Concept Tool 2 - Coggle Diagram
PSYC1010 Concept Tool 2
Chapter 7: Memory
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Types of Memory:
Sensory Memory: Brief storage of sensory information, such as iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memory.
Short-term Memory: Limited-capacity memory system responsible for temporary storage and manipulation of information.
Long-term Memory: Relatively permanent storage of a vast amount of information, including episodic, semantic, and procedural memory.
Memory Models:
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model: Proposes three memory stores (sensory, short-term, long-term) and the flow of information between them.
Levels of Processing Model: Suggests that memory depends on the depth of processing (shallow vs. deep) during encoding, rather than the type of memory store.
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Classical Conditioning:
Pavlov's Experiments: Ivan Pavlov's classic experiments with dogs demonstrated classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus (e.g., bell) becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food) to elicit a conditioned response (e.g., salivation).
Principles: Discuss principles such as acquisition (initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship), extinction (weakening of the conditioned response), and spontaneous recovery (sudden reappearance of the conditioned response after extinction).
Operant Conditioning:
Skinner's Experiments: B.F. Skinner's research focused on operant conditioning, where behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on consequences. He introduced concepts such as reinforcement (increasing likelihood of a behavior) and punishment (decreasing likelihood of a behavior), as well as shaping (reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior).
Observational Learning:
Bandura's Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura proposed that individuals can learn new behaviors by observing others, known as observational learning. This theory emphasizes the role of modeling and vicarious reinforcement in behavior acquisition, highlighting the importance of cognitive processes in learning.