Henry VII
Consolidation of power
Henry VII married Elizabeth of York, this helped unite the factions of Lancaster and York, bringing stability.
He also worked to establish strong financial control by reforming the royal finances and improving on corruption.
Henry VII also relied upon a network of loyal advisors and officials to help govern effectively.
Henry VII aims
One of Henry's first and most important aims was to establish stability and peace after the wars of the roses. This was mainly done through Heny VII marrying Elizabeth of York helping unite Lancaster and York
Henry VII also focused on improving the econmy, promoing trade, and expanding England's influence abroad through diplomaic means, he implemented policies to increase royal revenue and reduce corruption
Henry also aimed to secure his dynasty by arranging stragetic marriages for his children.
Establishing the Tudor Dynasty
Henry did this through the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 in which he defeated Richard III, this allowed Henry VII to claim the throne and become the first Tudor monarch. Then Heny VII marrying Elizabeth of York helping unite Lancaster and York
This marriage symbolized the end of the Wars of the Roses and brought stability to England. By securing his postion through military alliances, Henry also laid the foundation for the Tudor dynasty.
Henry VII Government
councils
Privy council helped advise the king on matters of state and helped him make important decisons, the councils learned in the law
The Court of star chamber, was a council which dealt with cases of law and order, which was also in the case in the council of the North which was established to oversee the northern regions of England
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Royal Finances
Henry implemented various measures in order to increase royal revenue, such as imposing strict controls on spending.
Parliment
Henry VII preferred to make decisions through his own councils rarther than rely heavily on Parliment, Henry often used Parliment as a means to gain financial support through granting him taxes and subsides.
He also established the court of Augmenations to manage the crown lands and revenue. Which was land and estates that belonged directly to the monarch. These lands helped providing a source of income for the Crown.
Henry also conducted thorough audits and invesigations to recover any funds that may have been misused.
Henry VII relationships with foreign powers
Scotland
In 1497 a peace treaty known as the Treaty of Ayton was signed between Henry VII and king James IV of Scotland. This treaty helped to ease tensions and establish a period of peace between the countries.
This led to Henry VII allowed to reach a marriage agreement between his daughter Margaret and James IV which also improved their relations
Succession
Heny VII wanted to ensure that his son Prince Arthur would succeed him, in order to solidify this Henry arranged a marriage agreement between Arthur and Catherine of Aragon. This helped strengthen England's alliance with Spain.
Henry VII also did this with Henry VIII by then arranging a marriage agreement with Catherine in order to maintain the alliance and secure the Tudor sucession.
Foreign powers and Marriage alliances
Burgundy
The Intercursus Magnus 1496, this established a favorable trade relationship between England and Burgundy, by reducing tariffs and promoting free trade, also ensuring the protection of merchants rights and property.
France
The Treaty of Etaples 1492, this ended the conflict between them securing peace, this helped arrange the marriage to his daughter Mary to the French crown princec
Holy Roman Empire
Henry VII negoiated treaties such as his son Arthur was maried to Catherine of Aagon, who was the daughter of Queen Isabella of Castile whom had close ties to the Holy Roman empire
Society
Churchmen,nobles and commoners
Churchmen
Nobles
Henry VII appointed various churchmen to important positions within the Church, such as Bishops and archbishops. A notable figure was Cardinal Wolsey, who was an advisor to Henry VII.
Henry VII relied on a loyal nobles to help him govern and maintain stability in England. Reginald Bray served as his trusted advisor and helped in financial and adminisrive reforms.
Commoners
Helped social and econmic fabric of England. Many were involved in agriculural work, however some were involved in trade and crats. Henry Implemented policies to promote economic growth, helping benefit the commoners
Regional divide
The Norrth and South of England had differing economies and political affiliations. The North had strong ties to tradional feudalism, had a more independent feeling. However the South was more influenced by London and the royal court.
Discontent
The nobles and commoners faced vastly different lives, the nobiliy held postions of power and wealth, however commoners often faced challenges. There were also tension between different social classes. As well as regional divide.
Rebellions
The Cornish rebellion 1497 which was started due to grievances over taxes and economic hardships. However Henry VII's armies suppressed the rebellion leading to the leaders to be executed
The Yorkshire rebellion 1489 which was sparked by heavy taxation and concerns about the kings policies. This was led by John Chambre, Henry quickly gained control and disrupted the rebellion and stopped it.
Economic
Developments
Henry encouraged the growth of industries such as cloth manufacturing and mining. But also established trade agreements with other countries, such as fostering international commerce. Which Henry helped stabilize the currency and reduce inflation.
Trade
Intercursus Magnus
Trad agreement between England and Burgundy. The treaty granted English merchants favorable trading conditons, allowing them to export cloth and Burgundy merchants gained access to English markets.
Malus Intercursus
This was between England and Netherlands, this aimed to further promote trade between the two countries by reducing taris and encouraging mutal econmic cooperation
Medina Del Campo
This was between Spain and England and aimed to strengthen trade relations between both the counties
Depression
After the Wars of the Roses and the instability had a negative impact on the econmy. The country faced higher taxes, a decrease in agricultural producivity and a decline in trade
Religion
Humanists
Humanists helped contribue to literature, education and philosophy, John Colet, he advocated for the humanist values such as critical thinking and the pursuit of knowledge
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