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Rodrigo Guadalupe p.5 Endocrine system - Coggle Diagram
Rodrigo Guadalupe p.5 Endocrine system
major functions of endocrine system
acts with nervous system to coordinate and integrate activity of body cells
Influences metabolic activities via hormones transported in blood
Responses slower but longer lasting than nervous system responses
system controls and integrates
reproduction
growth and development
Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of blood
Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
Mobilization of body defenses
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
diabetes insipidus - ADH deficiency due to damage to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary
hypersecretion of GH - usually caused by anterior pituitary tumor and results in gigantism or acromegaly
hyposecretion of GH - dwarfism in children and no problem in adults
hypersecretion of TH - leads to myxdemia due to lack of iodine and goiter develops
Congenital hypothyroidism- caused by poor development of thyroid gland
Hypersecretion of TH - most common type Graves’ disease, body makes abnormal antibodies directed against thyroid
follicular cells
Hypersecretion—Cushing’s syndrome/disease, Depresses cartilage/bone formation and immune system; inhibits inflammation; disrupts neural, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal function
Hyposecretion—Addison’s disease, usually involves deficits in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, decrease in plasma glucose and Na+ levels
diabetes malitus -
Polyuria: huge urine output
▪ Glucose acts as osmotic diuretic
Polydipsia: excessive thirst
▪ From water loss due to polyuria
Polyphagia: excessive hunger and food consumption
▪ Cells cannot take up glucose and are “starving"
Hyperinsulinism -
– Excessive insulin secretion
– Causes hypoglycemia: low blood glucose levels
Compare and contrast steroid vs. non-steroid hormones and list the hormones for each
category
steroids
synthesized from cholesterol
gonadol and adrenocorticol hormones
lipid solublbe
acid based
water soluble
Amino acid derivatives, peptides, and proteins
Homeostatic mechanisms of hormone regulation (negative and positive feedback)
negative feedback
blood level of hormones controlled by negative feedback
Increased hormone effects on target organs can inhibit further hormone release
Levels vary only within narrow, desirable range
hormone release also triggered by endocrine gland stimuli and nervous system modulation
positive feedback
occurs when a product feeds back to increase its own production
example - milk production from mammary gland
Major endocrine glands/organs and their functions
pineal gland
secrete melatonin, derived from serotonin
may affect timing of sexual maturation and puberty, day/night cycles, Physiological processes that show rhythmic variations, and Production of antioxidant and detoxification molecules in cells
hypothalamus
neuroendocrine organ
secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones to anterior pituitary to
regulate hormone secretion
contains osmoreceptors that monitor solute concentrations
pituitary gland
anterior
consists of glandular tissue
secretes Growth Hormone, Thyroid stimulating hormones, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormones, luteinizing hormone and prolactin
posterior
composed of neural tissue that secretes neurohormones
Secretes two neurohormones (oxytocin and ADH)
Maintains neural connection to hypothalamus via hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
thyroid gland
butterfly shaped gland behind trachea
secretes major metabolic hormone
functions
Increases basal metabolic rate and heat production
– Regulates tissue growth and development
– Maintains blood pressure
parathyroid glands
function
Stimulate osteoclasts to digest bone matrix and release Ca2+ to blood
– Enhances reabsorption of Ca2+ and secretion of phosphate (PO43-) by kidneys
– Promotes activation of vitamin D by kidneys, which leads to increased absorption of Ca2+
adrenal glands
produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions
adrenal cortex: three layers of glandular tissue that synthesize and secrete several different hormones
adrenal medulla - nervous tissue that is part of the sympathetic nervous system
gonads
produce same steroid sex hormones as those of adrenal cortex, just lesser amounts
ovaries
estrogen
Maturation of reproductive organs
▪ Appearance of secondary sexual characteristics
▪ With progesterone, causes breast development and cyclic changes in uterine
mucosa
testes
testosterone
– Initiates maturation of male reproductive organs
– Causes appearance of male secondary sexual characteristics and sex drive
– Necessary for normal sperm production
– Maintains reproductive organs in functional state