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Gender - Coggle Diagram
Gender
Holmes 1992
Language discriminates against women, English is a sexist language
Metaphors to describe women are vastly more derogatory in comparison to those that describe men e.g slag and stud
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Eakins and Eakins 1976
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When conducting the experiment, they found the chairman was interrupted the least overall, and a woman was interrupted the most overall (average turn of 3 secs to 10 secs). Males had an average turn of 10-17 secs)
Men interrupted more, were interrupted less, had more turns and had longer turns then women
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Jennifer Coates
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Men used stereotypical topic choices , avoid sensitive topics, hold the floor, rapid-fire talk, and avoid over-lapping
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Lakoff 1975
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However, Lakoff's work has been criticised as being limited as "impressionalistic" conclusions regarding the speech of the heterosexual, white, middle class woman.
Can link to Zimmerman and West in 1975, who argued that men deny women equal status by adapting their language when in mixed sex conversations
Suggests that in mixed-sex talk, there is differentiated "male and female speech"
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O'Barr and Atkins 1980
Argued that differences in language is not necessarily to do with gender but more with power/powerlessness in certain situations
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Hedges in courtroom- people were less believable if they used hedges and those with less status and more nervousness did use hedges
Cameron 2008
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She first blamed this on how children were taught the English language, but she released that all classes were mixed gender and the same basic rules of grammar were taught to everyone, young or old.
She concluded that the spoken language, rather than depending on gender, depended on lexis and context.
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Edelsky 1981
Edelsky said that the floor was a "specifc type of speaking turn that contains the acknowledged going on with a psychological time or space".
In a work environment men usually speak for a longer period of time whereas women were pressured into speaking for a shorter time and be more brief
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Jesperson 1922
They believe that men's language was the norm and didn't need discussion but argued that women much more often than men break off without finishing their sentences because they start talking without thinking what they are going to say.
They argued that women's language could be typified as "lively chatter" since their roles consisted of:
"The care of children, cooking, brewing, baking, sewing. washing etc, things for that the most part demanded no deep thought"
Fishman 1980
Viewed the hard "work" that's women do In conversations as a result of their inferior and social status, referred to it as "interactional shitwork"