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Concept Map: 12 Digestive System & Urinary System Vina Truong Period…
Concept Map: 12 Digestive System & Urinary System
Vina Truong Period 2
Functions
Chem. Breakdown- large nutrient molecules to smaller chems.
Mechanical breakdown of food-
Mastification- chewing
Digestion: Mech. Chem. breakdown of foods, absorption of nutrients
Urinary System
Help control RBC production and blood preassure
Regulate pH and blood volume
Maintain concentration of electrolytes and water
Filter salts waste from blood
Digestive System
Other
Gastric absrption
Certain salts
Alcohol
Water
Some lipid soluable drug
Gastric Secretions/ Gastric Juice
Gastric glands of Stomach
Chief cells- peptin (digest protein) inactive unless hydrochloric acid
Parietal cells- hydrochloric acid, activates pepsinogen
Mucous cells- lining of stomach
Intrinsic factor- needed for vitamin B12 absorption
Major Components of Gastric Juice
Summary
Pipsinogen
Source- chief cells of the gastric glands
Function- inactive form of pepsin
Pepsin
Source- Formed from pepsinogen in presence of hydrochloric acid
Function- proteinsplitting enzyme digests nearly all types of dietary protein into polypeptides
Source0 parietal cells of the gastric glands
Provides the acid environment needed for productio and action of pepsin
Hydrochloric acid
Source0 parietal cells of gastric glands
Necessary for vitamin B12 absorption in small intestine
Intrinsic factor
Source- mucous cells
Provides vicious alkaline protective layer on stomachs inner surface
Mucus
Secretions of Small Intestine
Watery fluid- carry digestive products in villi
Mucus-secreting glands- located in submucosa- of duodenum
Mucus: secreted by goblet cells
Intestinal glands at villi
Enzymes: secreted by epithelial cells
Sucrase,Maltase, Lactase- Break down disacharrides to monoscarrides
Intestinal Lipase- breaks down triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol
Pepitides- break down depitides into amino acids
Major Digestive Enzymes
Salivary Amylase
Digestive action- begins carbohydrate digestion
Breaks down starch to disacharrides
Source- salivary glands
Pepsin
Source- gastric chief cells
Digestive action- begins protein digestion
Source-intestinal mucosal cells
Peptidase- Break down peptides into amino acids
Sucrase, Maltase, Lactase- Dissarrides into monosaccharides
Intestinal lipase- fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Enterokinase- COnverts trypsinogen into typosin
Source- pancreas
Pancreatic lipsase- breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Pancreatic amylase- breaks down starch into disacharrides
Proteolytic Enzymes
Trypsin, Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase
Breaks down proteins or partially proteins into peptides
Nucleases- breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides
Nephron anatomy and Physiology
Nephron anatomy
Renal corpuscole- filtration structure
Clusters of capillaries - glomerulus and glomerular capsule
Renal tubule:
Glomerular capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Nephron loop (descending and ascending limbs)
Distal convoluted tubule
DCT become collecting duct
Functional Parts
PCT- reabsorption of glucose,, chlroide ions, etc.
Glomerular capsule- recipient glomerular filtrate
Descending limb nephrones loop- reabsorption of water by osmosis
Ascending limb- REabsorption of sodium, K, chloride ions
DCT- reabsorption
Glomerulus - filtration water, dissolved substances from plasma
Collecting duct- essential for urine formation reabsorption of water by osmosis
Renal corpuscule
Glomerulus
Glomerular capsule
Urine Formation
Tubular reabsorption
Useful filtered substances transported from filtrate to blood of peritubular capillaries
PCT - most reabsorption occurs here
PCT cells contain microvilli- increase surface area for reabsorption
Glomerular filtration
Glomerular capillaries to glomerular capsule filtration of water
Glomerular filtrate- similar to interstitial fluid
Filtrate moves into renal tubules
Contains mainly water, electrolytes, small nutrient molecules, small waste molecules
Glomerulus filters water, transport it into glomerular capsule of filtrate
Tubular secretion
Additional waste from blood moved from peritubular capillaries into renal tubule
Urine is...
95 percent water, urea, uric acid, trace amt of amino acids and electrolutes
Does not have: glucose, protein, etc. - NO LARGE PLASMA PROTEINS
Mouth- Mech. breakdown of food-, chem. digestion of carbohydrates
Attached to floor of mouth- lingual frenulum. Lingual tonsils- lymphatic tissues root of tongue
Tongue- projections called pappillae- Taste buds along side of it
Cheeks- lips- sensory receptors
Narrow space teeth, cheeks, lips- vestible
Oral cavity- chamber between palate and tongue
Palate- roof of oral cavity
Anterior- hard bony palate-, posterior- muscular soft palate-
Uvula- posterior projections soft palate
Palatine tonsils- masses of lymphatic tissue, Pharyngeal tonsils- (adenoids)- lymphatic tissue masses
Teeth- 20 primary (deciduous teeth) 32 secondary (permanent) teeth.
Salivary Glands
Submandibular- secrete salivia
Sublingual- secrete salivia
Parotid- secrete salivia
Salivary Glands
Mucous cells- lubricating binding mucus
Serous cells- produce watery fluid
Amylase- Breaks down starch into disacharrides
Swallowing mechanism
Third- peristalisis esophagus to stomach
Swallowing reflex (involuntary)
First stage- voluntary forms bolus
Large intestone- absorbs water and electrolytes to create feces
Cecum- punch beginning with appendix projecting downward from it
Colon- ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
Rectum- straight section, lies next to sacrum
Large intestine- "large" because diameter larger than small intestine
Anal canal, opens outside as the anus Involuntary anal sprinter, voluntary external anal spincter
Functions-
Absorbs electrolytes and water
Contains important bacteria- intestinal flora, synthesize vitamins K B12, thiamine, and riboflavin
Mucus- only important secretion, secreted by numerous gobler cells
Does not digest or absorb nutrients
Movements
Gastrocolic reflex
Defecation reflex- forces feces into rectum where they are expel,ed
Mixing and perstaltic movements
Feces
Water (about 75 percent)
Electrolytes
Undigested material
Mucus
Comprised of:
Shed intestinal cells
Bacteria
Small Intestine
Movements
Perstalsis- propelling movements
Ilectectal sprinter remains closed unless-
Segmentation- mixing movements
Gastroileal reflex elicited after a meal
Parts of Small Intestine:
Duodenum-
Jejunum- 2/5 of small intestine
Ileum- distal portion
Suspended abdominal wall-mesentary
Greater Omentum- drapes over intestine, double fold of peritoneal membrane
Has fingerlike- villi, increase surface area, absorption
Disorders/diseases
Digestive System
Freq. acid reflux, obesity, weakened esophageal spincter..
Chest pain, heart burn, Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
Stomach leak contents back through esophagus
GERD- Gastrophageal reflux disease
OTC medication (zantax), prescription medication, surgery
Colon Diseases
Uncontrolled cell growth- colon
Hereditary, diet, lifestyle
Change in bowel, fatigue, weight loss
Colorectal cancer
Surgery, radiation therapy, chemo
Age, hereditary, diet
Asymptomatic, change in bowels, constipation
None, surgical removal, diet adjustment
Polyps growth
Cholecytistis
Blockage- gall duct, gallstones, digestive tumors, diet
Tender abdomen, nausea, bloating
Inflammation of gallbladder
Medication, Antibiotics
IBD
Cause- unknown, genertics, environment, immune system
Abdominal pain, fever diarhhea
INflmation of intestinal lining
Medication, antibiotics, fluid replacement
Peptic ulcers
Heart burn, vomiting, weight loss
Lifestyle changes, medication (dependant on cause-) endoscopic surgery)
Stress, imbalance of gastric juice, NSAID overuse (aspirin, ibuprofen)
Sores in lining of stomach
Urinary System
Bladder- cancer
Urinary tract infection
Kidney stones
Uteroscopy, PCNL, open sergery, calcium stone most common
UTis, paralysis (neurologic disorders), long term tubes in stomach or kidneys
Sharp pain, burning feeling, cramp (back pain)
Hard stones from dissolved minerals and salt buildup
Women, pregnant women, sexual intercourse
Abnormal growth bacteria along urinary tract
Oral antiviotics, cranberry juice, urogynecologist
Pain, bloody urine, burning urination
Bladder- cells out of control
Cause- smoking, cancer drugs, family history
Back pain, urination pain, freq. urination
Chemotherapy, medication
Alimentary Canal(Digestive Tract)
Pharynx- connects mouth to esophagus
Laryngopharynx- to esophagus
Oropharynx- middle- food and air
Nasopharynx- top air passsage
Esophagus- peristalsis- push food to stomach
Lower esophagyl spinchter- prevents backflow
Stomach- secretes acids, enzymes, mixes food with secretions to begin enzymatic digestion of proteins
Rugae- gastric folds allow for distension
Cardia- round opening near esophagus
Body portion- main portion of stomach
Pylorus- distal portion, near small intestion
Pyloric spinchter- control release of food into small intestine
Chyme- pasty mixture of food and gastric juice
Small intestine- mix food w/ pancreatic and bile juice, main site of nutrient absorption
Rectum, anus - regulate elimation of feces
Large intestine- absorb water and electrolytes to create feces
Accessory Organs
Pancreas- produces, secretes pancreatic enzymes- contains digestive enzymes, bicarbonate ions, into small intestine
Endocrine and exocrine gland
Exocrine produce pancreatic juice aiding in digestion
Pancreatic juice
Contains enzymes- digest carbs, fats, proteins, nucleic acids
Pancreatic amylase- break down starch into disaccharides
Pancreatic lipase- triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids
Proteolytic enzymes:
Typsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase split certain bonds between amino acids, break down proteins to depeptides
Two nucleases break down nucleic acids to nucleotides
Contains bicarbonate ions- alkaline environment in duodenum for enzyme function.
Bile
Bile salts- digestive function (emulsification)
Bile pigments- Billirubin and Billiverdin breakdown products of hemoglobin from worn out RBCs
Gallbladder- stores, concentrrates bile releases it into small intestine
Liver- produces bile, emulsifies fat
Salivary Glands- Secrete saliva, enzymes breakdown carbohydrates
Divided into right and left lobes
Storage- glycogen, iron Vitamin A, D, B12
Protein metabolism
Lipid metabolism
Carb. metabolism- glucose to glycogen
Detoxification- remove toxin from blood
Functions
Blood filtering- remove damaged RBC and foreign substances
Secretion- produce and secrete biles
M
Order
Structure of Alimentary Canal
Mucosa- inner lining
Submucosa- middle lining
Muscularis-
Layers of GI tract (stomach)
Movements of Tube
Segmentation- small intestines contracting small muscle in each area
Propelling movements- wavelike motion peristalsis
Mixing Movements- smooth muscles contract rhythmically
Tongue, esophagus, stomach, gallbladder-, duodenum, pancreas,small intestine, appendix, large intestine, anus
Symptoms
Diarrhea- lack of absorption of water, nutrients, and electrolytes
Vomiting- vomiting center in medulla oblongata controls reflex
Major organs urinary system
Flow of urination
Ureter
Urinary bladder- storage structure
Renal pelvis
Urethra- eliminating structure
Kidneys- filter blood
Ureters- transport urine from kidneys to bladder
Urinary bladder- stores urine
Urethra- conveys urine outside of body
Kidney Anatomy (very important)
Renal cortex - surrounds it, renal corpuscules, part of functional unit- the nephrons
Renal pelvis expanded superior end of ureter
Afferent arteriorles- lead to nephrones
Renal Medulla
Afferent arteriole- give rise to capillary cluster- a glomerulus
Blood not filtered enters efferent arteriole, into renal veins
Renal blood supply- renal arteries