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Endocrine System Aubrey Menchaca P : 5 - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine System Aubrey Menchaca P : 5
Major Functions of the endocrine system
Controls and integrates
Growth and development
Maintains electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of water
Reproduction
Mobilization of body defenses
Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
Acts with the nervous system by coordinating and and integrating activity of body cells
Respond slower but last longer than the nervous system responses
Influences metabolic activities by hormones being transported in blood
Major endocrine glands/organs and their functions
Anterior Pituitary
Follicle-stimulating ( FSH ) - Development of egg-containing follicles. Male stimulates production of sperm cells. From hypothalamus
Growth ( GH ) - Direct action on metabolism and indirect growth-promoting actions
Adrenocorticotropic ( ACTH ) - Controls secretion of hormones from adrenal cortex and CRH hormone is from hypothalamus
Luteinizing ( LH ) - Secretion of sex hormone and play a role in releasing eggs in females
Thyroid-stimulating ( TSH ) - Stimulates normal development and controls secretion of hormones from thyroid gland
Prolactin ( PRL ) - Sustains milk production after birth and inhibit hormones from hypothalamus
ADH - Cause kidneys to conserve water, hypothalamus in response to body fluids
OT - Contracts smooth muscle in the uterine wall
Pineal Gland
: Melatonin - Regulation of circadian rhythms of body. Can affect sleep and day/night schedules
Endocrine glands
- produce hormones, lack ducts. Found in the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands
Hypothalamus
: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Uterus
: Oxytocin - Stimulate uterine contractions
Thymus
: Thymosins - Production and differentiation of T lymphocytes
Testis
: Testosterone - Develop male sexual characteristics
Parathyroid gland ( PTH )
- Increase blood circulation, stimulate bone restoration, and stimulate kidneys
Inner Medulla
Epinephrine - Act along with the sympathetic nervous system during emergencys
Norepinephrine - Act along with epinephrine
Outer Cortex
Cortisol - Synthesis of glucose from protein and fat. Control inflammation and allergies
Aldosterone - Maintain salt-water level and blood pressure
Thyroid Gland
T4 - Increase rate of energy release from pituitary gland
T3 - Same as T4 but 5 times more potent
Calcitonin - Lowers blood calcium and phosphate ion
Pancreas
Insulin - Stimulate liver to form gylcogen
Glucogen - Increase the blood levels of glucose ( liver )
Compare and contrast steroid vs. non-steroid hormones list the hormone for each category
Non-steroid
: direct such as target cells
Direct active genes
have specific receptors to which hormone binds to
Target cell activation has three steps
Relative number of receptors on/in target cell
Affinity of binding between receptor and hormone
Blood levels of hormone
produced by nervous tissue
Steroid
: Synthesized from cholesterol. Gonadal and adrenocortical hormone. Lipid-soluble
Inactive genes
produce by endocrine glands
Pituitary - ADH, LH, FSH, ACTH, FSH, and oxytocin , thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal gland - Melatonin
Homeostatic mechanism of hormone regulation
Insulin enters the bloodstream and is transported to cells all over the body
In the Liver, insulin binds to receptors on livers cells, causing cells to take in more glucose
Hormones produced in the pancreas regulate glucose levels
Insulin
1. Glucose enters the blood stream causing an increase in blood glucose levels
Inside liver cells, glucose is converted into glycogen
Blood glucose levels decrease, resulting in less insulin being released and blood glucose levels being stimulated (Negative Feedback)
Glucagon
1. Blood glucose levels are low and alpha cells release the hormone "glucagon"
Glucagon enters the blood stream and acts on target cells in the liver
Glucagon binds to receptors on the liver, breaking glycogen into glucose
Glucose is released and blood glucose levels increase
Less glucagon is released by the pancreas and blood glucose levels stabilize
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Hypersecretion of GH - anterior pituitary tumor.
Gigantism
in children and
acromegaly
in adults
Hyposecretion of GH -
Pituitary dwarfism
results in children, no problems in adults
Diabetes Insipidus - ADH deficiency due to damage from hypothalamus or posterior pituitary
Addison's disease - involves deficits in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Decrease in plasma glucose and NA+ levels
Cushing's syndrome/disease - depresses cartilage bone formation and immune system
Grave's disease - Hypersecretion of TH. Autoimmune disease making abnormal antibodies against thyroid follicular cells