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Sustainable Food Systems - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Climate change: green manure, nitrogen-fixing crop rotations, use of labour instead of pesticides, rotational grazing, electric tractors, retrofitting farm buildings, precision agriculture, 4R approach, climate-smart agriculture
      - freshwater use: technologies of landscape, rainwater harvesting, soil management, efficiency at different steps (from source to crop), less thirsty seeds
- - - - High stocking of animals, over application of nutrients through manure spreading, intensive use of chemical inputs, aggressive soil practices, intensive water usage
        
        = soil and water contamination, soil erosion and reduced water retention, destabalisation of water cycles, salinisation
        
        = biodiversity loss, land degradation
        
        = threat to productivity
        
        Requires further intensification
- - - - Subsidies, small-scale farming, policy makers, overall input responsive crops and specialized breeds
  - - - less research being done on questions of social equity and quality of life in farm communities
    - - need to factor in negative and positive externalities as part of these debates
    - - concerns about demands for land: a weak argument against sustainable production
    - - yield analyses typically do not consider nutrition, pesticide residues, etc
  - - - Small-holder mixed farming systems
      - Pastoral systems
      - Commercial grazing systems
      - Intensive livestock systems
  - - - Responsible governance of tenure, sustainable resource management, social development and decent work, value chains, post-harvest and trade, gender equity and equality, disaster risk and climate change, a human rights-based approach, indigenous peoples and small-scale fisheries, food security and nutrition
      - 85% of Canadian harvest exported (worth billions)
    - - Total Allowable Catch for the Atlantic mackerel fishery
      - Maximum Sustainable Yield
      - Exclusive Economic Zone
      - Fisheries and Oceans Canada
    - - Issues: sea lice, disease, spread of invasive species, destruction of coastal habitats, stress on freshwater resources, feed
      - Potential solutions: changes to culturing systems, feed strategies, species selection, changes to culturing systems, feed strategies, species selection
  - - - Food labour is typically low pay with few benefits, gendered dimensions of food labour, health and safety issues
- - - - high land costs still an issue, ongoing preference for private ownership, concerns about security of tenure, relationships and decision making
- - - - focus on quality as opposed to sustainability of farmer livelihoods
      - Voluntary, firm-based standards schemes rupe for cooptation
      - Scandinavian cases show better adherence to standards due to stricter state regulations on the TM
    - - Quota-based system, went into decline as of 1989
      - The good and bad of 'statecraft'
      - Can we re-orient trade priorities based on food security, well-being, ecological concerns and reciprocity/solidarity?
  - - - Cap on the price of quotas, limit the number of quota units that a producer can hold
      - Minister of Ag determines the regulations governing non-quota production
      - Increase non-quota production
  - - - Challenges
        
        sale of products without third parties, like farmers markets, CSA, direct sales to restaurants
        
        competition