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Elijah Spencer P:3 07 Endocrine - Coggle Diagram
Elijah Spencer P:3 07 Endocrine
Major function of the Endocrine System
Maintain homeostasis
Made up of cells tissues, and organs called Endocrine glands which secrete hormones into body fluids
Endocrine flow
Hormones diffusing into blood stream to act on specific target cells.
Paracrine secretion(affecting neighboring cells) and autocrine secretion( afferent only the secretory cells)
Steroid hormones are lipid soluble, so they can pass through cells membranes. Hormone receptors complex binds with the DNA and activates specific genes that, direct the synthesis of specific proteins. These hormones derived from cholesterol.
Non-Steroid- Are produced by from amino acids. These hormones combine with receptors in target cell membranes.
Prostaglandins are lipids produced from the fatty acid, arachidonic acid in cell membrane.
Some regulatory effects: Some relax the smooth muscles and other contract smooth muscles.
Endocrine Glands of the Body
Pituitary gland- Is controlled by the hypothalamus.
Is attracted to the hypothalamus by a stalk called the infundibulum.
Anterior pituitary( anterior lobe)
Controls the releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus control the secretion from the anterior pituitary. These hormones are carried in the bloodstream to the Anterior pituitary by hypophyseal portal veins. Then release or stop releasing their hormones.
Anterior Pituitary hormones
Growth hormones(GH)
Stimulates body cells to grow and reproduce
GHRH( Growth hormone-releasing) from the hypothalamus increases the amount of GH secreted, GH inhibiting hormones GHIH and somatostatin inhibits its secretion
When more glucose is low, or when certain amino acids increase; the nutritional status is affected.
GH imbalances
Pituitary dwarfism: Due to GH deficiency during childhood
Gigantism- Due to GH over secretion during childhood
Acromegaly- Due to GH over secretion in adulthood
Prolactin
promotes milk production following the birth of an infant
Controlled by the prolactin releasing factor(PRF) and prolactin inhibiting hormones(PIH) from the hypothalamus
Thyroid-stimulating hormone(Thyrotropin or TSH)
Controls the secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland
As blood concentration of thyroid hormones increases, secretions of TRH and TSH decrease
Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)
Controls the secretions of certain hormones from the adrenal cortex
Regulated by corticotropin- releasing hormone(CRH) from the hypothalamus
Gonadotropins(FSH & LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) and luteinizing hormone(LH) affect the male(testes) and female(ovaries) glands
In male LH is known as interstitial-cell stimulating hormone( ICSH)
Posterior pituitary(posterior lobe)
Stores hormones made by the hypothalamus
Releases these hormones into the blood in response to nerve impulses from the hypothalamus
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
Hypothalamus produce antidiuretic hormone(ADH) and oxytocin(OT), which is stored in the posterior pituitary.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Causes the kidneys to conserve water, and reduces amount of water excreted in the urine. Hypothalamus regulates ADH, based on the amount of water in body fluids
Diabetes insipidus- a condition resulting from insufficient ADH
Oxytocin(OT)
Plays a role in childbirth by contracting muscles in the uterine wall, and milk-letdown by forcing milk into ducts from the milk glands.
Thyroid gland
Thyroxine( tetraiodothyronine) and Triiodothyronine
Both have similar action they regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids & proteins.
Thyroid horme level is a major factor in determining basically metabolic rate(BMR)
Calcitonin- a hormone which lowers blood levels of calcium and phosphate ions when they are too high
Thyroid Disorder
Hyperthyroidism
Over activity of the thyroid gland
Hypothyroidism
Under activity of thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
parathyroid Hormone(PTH)
Increases blood calcium ion concentration and decreased phosphate ion concentration
Stimulates Kidney to conserve calcium
Calcium regulation and Parathyroid Disorders- maintain proper blood calcium concentration.
Hypoparathyroidism: deficiency of PTH
Hyperparathyroidism: excess of PTH
adrenal gland
Sits on top of the kidneys
consists of three layers, outer(glomerulosa), middle(fasciolata), and inner( reticulenis)
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are used in the flight or fight response
Adrenal Cortex hormones
Aldosterone- a mineralocorticoid is secreted by cells of the outer layer; helps regulate mineral/electrolyte metabolism
Coristol- a glucocorticoid; regulates glucose metabolism.
Adrenal Sex Hormones
Sex hormones that are released/produced by the gonads
Disorders of the adrenal hormones
Addison disease-hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
Crushing syndrome- hypersecretion of adrenal cortical hormones
pancreas
These hormones control level of blood glucose
Pancreatic islets
Glucagon- Increases the blood level of glucose, by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen and the conversion of no carbohydrates into glucose by the liver.
Insulin- Decreases the blood level of glucose by stimulating to form glycogen
Diabetes Mellitus- lack of insulin or the inability of cells to recognize insulin
type 1 diabetes- an autoimmune disorder, in which beta cells are destroyed, so insolin production decreases or stops
Type 2 diabetes- is when insulin is produced but is not recognized by cells
pineal gland
Secretes melatonin, which is involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms of the body.
Thymus gland
Secretes thymosis, that affect production and differentiation of T lymphocytes(which is important for immunity.
Homeostatic mechanisms of hormone regulation
Negative feedback system
Controls the hormone release. As hormone level rises, the hormone experts its effect, further secretion is inhibited by negative feedback and then decreases. By this mechanism, hormone levels remain fairly constant.
Positive feedback system
Is when the hormone increases. Can cause situation to be extreme.
Diseases in the Endocrine System
Stress and Heath
Stressors to the body can threaten homeostasis.
Types of stress
Physical-threatens the survival of tissues, such as extreme cold, prolonged exercise, oxygen deficiency or infections
Phycological- results from real or perceived dangers, and includes feelings of anger, depression, fear, and grief; sometimes even pleasant stimuli causes stress
Responses to stress
Resistance stage- longer-lasting stage than flight or fight.
Alarmed stage- involves the flight or fight stage