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Endocrine System Anatomy and Physiology 3rd period Karla Ruiz Moran…
Endocrine System
Anatomy and Physiology 3rd period
Karla Ruiz Moran
https://youtu.be/emvHaBiRY8Q?si=NSsWqq_H-2Kw8GLD
Major functions of the endocrine system
organs
of the endocrine are all over the body such as the pancreas:
hormones are diffused in the bloodstream to target cell.
secretes hormones into body fluid which then arrive to a designated
target cel
l
maintains
homeostasis
by working with nervous system
glands also have the function of secreting messengers molecules these are called
local hormones
that never reach the bloodstream.
2 major glands:
Exocrine
: meaning outside the internal environment secreting product into the ducts.
2 major glands:
Endocrine
: meaning inside the body fluid to affect target cells
chemical signal:
hormone
Speed
: second to hours
duration of action
can last for days or be brief
Pituitary gland
controls most things
Major endocrine glands/organs and their functions (separate by region/ body cavity)
Parathyroid glands
regulated calcium and phosphate levels for bones and also blood
thymus
: helps with immunity
Pituitary Gland:
produces and secretes many hormones. It is the main gland that controls almost everything.
Thyroid Gland
: regulate metabolism and physiological processes is composed of T3 T4 and calcitonin
Pineal Gland:
secretes melatonin only during night hours and is not active during the day.
Pancreas
: is exocrine pancreas and endocrine pancreas helps secret inslunin glucagon but also helps with the digestive system exo.
Hypothalamus:
releases many hormones and helps regulate body functions.
Adrenal Gland
s located on top of each kidney and consist of the cortex and medulla which are a regulation of cardiovascular function but also stress.
Ovaries/testes;
helps regulate the reproductive system and contain hormones such as estrogen and testosterone that help give secondary characteristics.
Compare and contrast steroid vs. non-steroid hormones and list the hormones for each
category
non-steroid hormones:
can be identified as amino acids, protein, peptides. it is not fat soluble. binds to surface of target cells.
Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
secreted by adrenal glands
TSH
: increases blood calcium ions, stimulates kidneys.
Glucagon
; increases blood level of glucose by stimulating breakdown of glycogen.
Growth Hormone:
growth of bones muscles organs
Insulin
promotes facilitated diffusing glucose into cells. made in pancreas.
ADH
: released by pituitary gland located in kidneys
Oxytocin
:Breast and uterus hormone
Steroid hormones
these hormones have the function of entering the cells (target) and have direct effect on DNA of the nucleus.
estrogen
Female hormone is responsible for second characteristics but also to regulate menstrual cycle.
testosterone
: responsible for secondary sex characteristics. Male hormone.
aldosterone
: helps regulate blood pressure by managing sodium levels in body.
Progesterone
: plays role in pregnancy, menstrual cycle, and is considered another female hormone.
cortisol
: One of the adrenal gland outer cortex hormone which is responsible for stress and danger
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/types-of-hormones
Homeostatic mechanisms of hormone regulation (negative and positive feedback)
Negative Feedback:
hormone release, a gland is sensitive to the concentration of substances it regulates. This process Is kinda like a roller coaster, If there is too much secretion, the secretion decreases. If the decrease is too much it is once again produced. Cycle that does not stop. Almost the body is a negative system.
Positive Feedback:
rapid amplifications or completion. This is kinda like the climax or fire rocket since it is just a fast respond and doesn't have much complications of decreasing. Some common examples of positive feedback are blood clotting, child birth (contractions) or certain hormone regulation.
Homeostasis
: maintain a regulation inside when there is outside changes
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Type two diabetes:
NIDDM, insulin is produced but not recognized
Physical Stress:
extreme colds, prolonged exercise, oxygen deficiency, or infection. Threatens survival of tissue.
Type one diabetes:
Mellitus insulin dependent IDDM, beta cells are destroyed so insulin
Psychological stress:
feeling of anger, depression, fear, and gried. This is a result of real or felt dangers.
Diabetes Mellitus
: the metabolic disease that is a result of lack of insulin or the body is not able to recognize cells. It can cause high blood glucose,
Long term stress:
decreases lymphocytes lowers resistance to infections can also cause a low immunity to cancer and increase high blood pressures
Addison Diseases
: hyposecretion (too little) of glucoticoid and mineralocorticoids
Cushing disease:
hypersecretion (too many) of adrenal cortical hormones
hypothyradism
: hypo too little secretion of thyroid gland
Hyperthyroidism
: too much activity of thyroid gland
Include the hormones produced, their functions and their target organs
Pituitary Posterior:
ADH (kidneys) OT Is for breast and uterus.
Parathyroid Gland
TSH: increase blood calcium
Pituitary Anterior
GH (bone muscles organs), PRL, milk production, breasts, TSH thyroid gland, AGH: adrenal cortex, FSH ovaries and testes, LH ovaries and testes.
Hypothalamus
controls pituitary gland and help regulate body functions.
Pineal Gland
Melatonin and ADH: target organ for melatonin is hypotha;maus and pancreas ADH target organs are Kidneys
Outer cortex (adrenal glands)
Cortiso and Aldosterone: helps regulate blood pressure (also) cortisol help with srees or danger.
Inner medulla (adrenal glands)
Epinephrine and norepinephrine: heart increases blood vessels vasodilation. forced contraction.
Placenta
:
HCG: stimulates corpus lute um to produce progesterone
testis
testosterone: secondary sex chacteritics hormone.
ovaries
estrogen
Female hormone is responsible for second characteristics but also to regulate menstrual cycle.
Pancreas
Glucagon
; increases blood level of glucose by stimulating breakdown of glycogen.
liver and muscle
Insulin
: promotes facilated diffusion of glucose into cells.
Liver, muscle, and adipose tissue
Thymus
Thymosis: target lymphocytes in blood.
thyroid gland
Thyroxine ; same as T3
liver, muscles, heart brain, bone are target organs but is created in thyroid gland.
Calcitonin: blloc calcium concentration
Bone
Triodothroniene
: increase rate of energy released
liver, muscles, bones, brain heart, more potent then T4
Ovaries
estrogen
Female hormone is responsible for second characteristics but also to regulate menstrual cycle.
