Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Endocrine System- Alejandro Alvarez - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine System- Alejandro Alvarez
Major Functions
glands and hormones regulate metabolic processes within cells and body
communicates to cells via hormones
help control mood, growth, reproduction, and the way our organs function
Major endocrine glands/organs
neck
parathyroid glands
functions: secretes PTH which regulates calcium levels in body
hormones
Parathyrloid hormone
increases calcium concentration and decreases phosphate ion concentration
. stimulates bone resorption in osteoclasts which releases calcium into blood
causes activation of of vitamin d by kidneys, which increases calcium in intestines
thyroid glands
functions: produces glands that regulate the bodys metabolic rate, growth, and development
hormones
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine
. both have similar functions
.regulate metabolism of carbs, lipids, and proteins
Calcitonin
lowers blood level of calcium and phosphate ions
increases calcium deposition in bones
increases calcium excretion by kidneys into urine
mediastinum
thymus
function: production and maturation of immune cells
hormone
thymosins
. affect production and differentiation of T-cells
heart
function
pumps blood and oxygen throughout body
hormone
atrial natriuretic peptide
affects sodium and water excretion of kidneys
cranial cavity
pituitary gland
Anterior lobe
Functions: creates hormones that aid in growth, metabolism, reproduction, response to stress, and lactation
Hormones
Growth Hormone (GH)
stimulates body cells to grow and reproduce
speeds the rest ate at which carbd and fats are used
GHRH increases amount of GH secreted, GHIH inhibits the amount of GH secreted
Prolactin
promotes production of milk
controlled by prolactin releasing factor and prolactin inhibiting factor
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
controls the secretion of hormones from thyroid gland
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone from hypothalamus stimulates release of TSH
As blood concentration of thyroid hormone increase, TSH and TRH decrease
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
controls hormones released from adrenal cortex
regulated from corticotropin-releasing hormone from hypothalamus
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
. affect male testes and female ovaries
stimulates sperm production and follicle maturation
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
affect female ovaries
. stimulates ovulation
posterior lobe
Functions- stores and releases hormones from hypothalamus: antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
Hormones
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
. casues kidneys to conserve water
. hypothalamus regulates ADH based on amount of water in body fluids
. at high levels, causes vasoconstriction which helps maintain BP during dehydration
Oxytocin
. plays a role in childbirth
.contracts muscles in the uterine wall
. force milk into ducts from the milk glands
.regulated by POSITIVE feedback
pineal gland
Functions: receives signals based on the light-dark cycle and secretes melatonin in response.
Hormones
Melatonin
regulates the circadian rhythms of the body
released at night, suppressed during the day
hypothalamus
Functions: controls the activity of the pituitary gland,
makes hormones and sends them to the posterior pituitary gland
. can release hormones that inhibit hypothalamus
abdominal cavity
kidneys
function: removes waste product from blood and produces urine
hormone
Erythropoietin
. red blood cell production
pancreas
function: helps with digestion and regulates blood sugar
hormones
glucagon
increases blood glucose level by breaking down glycogen
controlled by negative feedback
. low levels of glucose stimulates release of glucagon
insulin
. decreases. blood sugar levels by glycogen formation in liver
controlled by negative feedback
high blood glucose levels stimulate the release of insulin
adrenal glands
adrenal medulla
function: controls hormones that initiate flight or fight reposne
hormones
epinephrine and norepinephrine
. both have similar structure + function
used during times of stress and fight ot flight
increases heart rate, BP, glucose, dilates airways, and decreases digestive activities.
adrenal cortex
Function: produces hormones that control sex, salt balance, and sugar balance
hormones
cortisol
. regulates glucose metabolism
.inhibits protein synthesis which increases amino acid in blood
. increases fatty acid use for energy instead of glucose
causes liver to use noncarbs to produce glucose
Aldosterone
. regulates mineral and electrolyte balance
. causes kidneys to conserve sodium and water
secreted in response to decreasing blood volume and bp
sex hormones
. supplement hormones released from gonads
. mostly male
. may stimulate early development of reproductive organs
pelvic cavity
ovaries
Functions: produces eggs for fertilization and the hormones estrogen and progesterone
Hormones
estrogen
. stimulates female secondary sexual characteristics
. regulates menstrual cycle
progesterone
. prepares endometrium for a fertilized egg to implant and grow
scrotum
testes
Functions- responsible for sperm production and testosterone production
Hormone
testosterone
. regulates sex drive
bone mass
sprem and red blood cell production
forms male secondary sexual characteristics
Steroid vs. non-steroid
Steroid Hormones
. derived from cholesterol
. lipid soluble, so they can pass through the membrane
. carried in bloodstream weakly bound to plamsa proteins
ex: estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol
Non-steroid Hormones
amines, peptides, proteins, or glycoproteins which are produced from amino acids
. they combine in with receptors on target cell membranes
first hormone=fiirst messenger
second hormone causes changes in the cell
amines- norepinephrine, epinephrine, thyroid hormones
peptides- antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin, thyrotropin releasing hormone
proteins- parathyroid hormone, growth hormone, prolactin
glycoproteins- FSH, LH, thyroid stimulating hormone
negative and positive feedback
Negative Feedback
. a gland is sensitive to the concentration
of the substance it regulates
. as hormone levels rise the hormone exerts its effects, further secretion is inhibited by negative feedback and then hormone secretion decreases
Release of hormones from the hypothalamus controls secretions of the anterior pituitary gland and tits hormones affect the activity of other glands
Positive Feedback
original stimulus is promoted rather than negated
ex. oxytocin
Diseases with the endocrine system
Growth Hormone imbalances
Pituitary dwarfism
due to GH deficiency during childhoos
slow growth pattern with abnormally short stature
Gigantism
due to GH oversectrion during childhood
. causes child to grow very tall
Acromegaly
. due to high oversecretion of GH in adult hood
. causes body tissue and bone to grow more quickly
Antidiuretic Hormone disorder
Diabetes Inspidius
condition resulting from insufficient ADH
Thyroid Disorders
Hypothyroidism
underactivity of thyroid gland
causes low metabolic rate, fatigue, and weight gain
in infants cases poor growth and bone formation
Hyperthyroidism
overactivity of thyroid gland
causes high metabolic rate, restlessness and overeating
may lead to eye protrusion
Parathyroid disorders
Hypoparathyroidism
deficiency of PTH
results in a decrease in calcium
Hyperparathyrodism
excess of PTH
results in an increase in calcium
Adrenal Hormones Diseases
Addisons Disease
hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
Cushing syndrome
hypersecretion of adrenal cortical hormones
Pancreas Diseases
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
autoimmune disorder in which beta cells are destroyed so insulin production decreases or stops
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
when insulin is produced but not recognized by cells