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Endocrine System Brianna Cabrera P.1 - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine System Brianna Cabrera P.1
Compare and contrast steroid vs. non-steroid hormones and list the hormones for each
category
Steroid
The hormone-receptor complex binds with the DNA and activates specific genes that direct the synthesis of specific proteins
Carried in the bloodstream weakly bound to plasma proteins
Derived from
cholesterol. Estrogen, testosterone,
aldosterone, and cortisol
The new protein may function as an enzyme, transport protein, or hormone receptor. Which carries out the effects of the steroid hormone.
Non-steroid
Produced from amino Acids. amines, peptides, proteins, or glycoproteins,
Nonsteroid hormones combine with receptors in target cell membranes
The chemicals in the cell that respond to binding of the hormone, and cause changes in the cell are second messengers
Has a binding site and an activity site
The hormone is the first messenger
Activity through the cell membrane to the inside, binding of the hormone is signal transduction
Major functions of the endocrine system
Made up of cells, tissues, and organs called endocrine
glands
Release hormones into the blood stream
The endocrine system works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis
Metabolism
Reproduction
Growth/development
Regulate short term and long term activites
Major endocrine glands/organs and their functions (separate by region/ body cavity)
Adrenal Glands
The glands consist of an inner adrenal medulla
and an outer adrenal cortex
The adrenal medulla is made up of modified postganglionic
neurons that are connected to the sympathetic nervous system
The adrenal cortex makes up most of the adrenal glands, and
consists of epithelial cells in three layers.
The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream
They are used in times of stress and for “fight-or-flight” responses
increase heart rate, blood pressure and blood glucose, dilate
airways, decrease digestive activities
The cells of the adrenal cortex produce over 30 steroids
aldosterone, cortisol, and the sex
hormones
Disorders of adrenal hormones
Cushing syndrome: hypersecretion of adrenal cortical
hormones
Addison disease: hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and
mineralocorticoids
Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
PTH also stimulates the kidneys to conserve calcium
PTH causes activation of vitamin D by kidneys, which causes increased absorption of calcium in the intestines
PTH stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts, which releases calcium into the blood
PTH increases blood calcium ion concentration and decreases phosphate ion concentration
Calcitonin and PTH maintain proper blood calcium concentration
Calcitonin decreases blood calcium when it is too high
PTH increases blood calcium when it is too low
opposite effects in regulating calcium ion
levels in the blood
Parathyroid hormone disorders
Hypoparathyroidism: deficiency of PTH, due to surgical removal
or injury to glands, which results in a decrease in blood calcium
Hyperparathyroidism: excess of PTH, perhaps due to
parathyroid tumor, which results in an increase in blood calcium
Thyroid Gland
thyroxine (T𝟒 or
tetraiodothyronine), and triiodothyronine (T𝟑 )
2 hormones of the thyroid gland help control caloric intake, and 1 helps regulate blood calcium level and bone growth
Thyroid Disorders
Hypothyroidism
Underactivity of the thyroid gland
causes cretinism: poor growth and bone formation,
abnormal mental development, sluggishness
Hyperthyroidism
Overactivity of the thyroid gland
eye protrusion (exophthalmia)
Both regulate metabolism of
carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
Pancreas
The pancreas secretes hormones as an endocrine gland, and
digestive juice into the digestive tract as an exocrine gland
control level of blood glucose
Glucagon
Increases the blood level of glucose, by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen and the conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose by the liver
Insulin
Decreases the blood level of glucose by stimulating the liver to form glycogen
Other Endocrine Glands
Reproductive Glands
The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone
The placenta produces estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropin
The testes produce testosterone
Heart
Secretes atrial natriuretic peptide, which affects sodium and water excretion by the kidneys
Thymus Gland
Secretes thymosins, that affect production and differentiation
of T lymphocytes
Kidneys
Secrete erythropoietin for blood cell production
Pineal Gland
Secretes melatonin
Homeostatic mechanisms of hormone regulation (negative and positive feedback)
Positive feedback- A target gland hormone acts back on the hypothalamus and/or pituitary to increase the release of hormones that stimulate the secretion of the target gland hormone.
Hormone secretion increases
Negative Feedback- elease of hormones from the hypothalamus controls secretions of the anterior pituitary,and anterior pituitary hormones affect the activity of other endocrine glands
Hormone secretion decreases