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Endocrine System - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine System
Adrenal Glands:
Superior to kidneys, enclosed in adipose and CT
Adrenal Medulla(inner)
-modified postganglionic neurons connected to sympathetic nervous system
Adrenal Cortex(outer)
- makes up majority of adrenal glands, has
3 layers
Glomerulosa- Outer
Fasciculata- Middle
Reticularis Zone- Inner
Epinephrine
: increased heart rate/forced contraction, Vasodilation, Dilation of airways, Promotes glycogen in liver, increase of BP
Norepinephrine:
increased heart rate/forced contraction, vasoconstriction in skin/viscera shifting blood flow, some dilation of airways,
Aldosterone:
regs. concentration of extracellular electrolytes by
conserving sodium ions and secreting potassium
Adrenal Androgens:
supplement sex hormones of gonads
Main Functions
Maintain Homeostasis (w/nervous system)
Endocrine Glands: Secrete
hormones
in body, that diffuse into
bloodstream
and act on specific
target cells
Endocrine: Secretes products into ducts
outside internal environment
Major Glands: Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Pineal, Reproductive, Kidneys, Thymus
Specialized: Liver, Heart, Gastrointestinal Tract
Thyroid Gland
: Below larynx, consisting of 2 lobes connected by isthmus
THYROXINE(T4) & TRIIODOTHYRONINE(T3)
- Iodine containing hormones;
reg. metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
Both are a major factor of
B
asal
M
etabolic
R
ate
CALCITONIN
- Lowers blood levels of calcium and phosphate ions by
inhibiting
osteoclasts and stimulating osteoblasts; increases calcium
excretion
by moving to kidneys expelled by urine
Associated Disorders
Hypothyroidism-
UNDER ACTIVITY
of thyroid Gland causing low metabolics, fatigue, weight gain (adults), poor growth/bone formation, abnormal mental development, sluggishness (infants)
Hyperthyroidism-
EXCESS OF PTH
possibly due to parathyroid tumor resulting in increased blood calcium
Parathyroid Gland
: Posterior to thyroid Gland, 4 Glands
Parathyroid Hormone-
Increases blood calcium ion concentration, decreases phosphate ion concentration, stimulates bone resorption sending calcium to blood, stimulates kidneys to conserve calcium, causes activation of vitamin D by kidneys
Negative Feedback
mechanism involves calcium levels regulating PTH release
Associated Disorders
Hypoparathyroidism-
UNDERACTIVIY
lowering PTH production
Hyperparathyroidism-
EXCESS
of PTH production
Pancreas
: secretes hormones as an endocrine gland
AND
secretes digestive juice as and exocrine gland
Glucagon:
increases blood level of glucose stimulating break of glucagon and conversion of non carbohydrates, released
when glucose levels are low
Insulin
: decreases blood level of glucose
Associated Diseases
Diabetes Mellitus
- metabolic disease due to lack of insulin or inability to recognize,
TYPE 1~IDDM~NO INSULIN PRODUCTION
and
TYPE 2~NIDDM~NO RECOGNITION
Reproductive Glands
Overaies: estrogen and progestrone
Placenta AFTER BIRTH- estrogen, progestrone, gonadotropin
Testes: Testostrone
Pituitary Gland
Anterior Pituitary
; Attached to hypothalamus by infundibulum, specific cells release/stop release of hypothalamus hormones
Hypothalamus ->
GROWTH HORMONE(GH)
-> stimulates increase in size & division rate of body cells, enhances movement of amino acids across membranes ->
THYMUS GLAND
Hypothalamus ->
PROLACTIN(PRL)
-> sustains milk production after birth ->
MAMMARY GLANDS
Hypothalamus->
THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE(TSH)
-> controls secretion of hormones from thyroid gland->
THYROID GLAND
Hypothalamus->
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)
-> controls secretion of hormones from adrenal cortex->
ADRENAL CORTEX
Hypothalamus ->
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE(FSH)
-> Responsible for egg development, estrogen(female); Sperm Cells(male)->
OVARY & TESTES
Hypothalamus->
LUTEINIZING HORMONE(LH)
-> Promotes sex hormone secretion, egg release ->
LEYDIG CELLS
Posterior Pituitary;
Part of NS, stores hormones, releases hormones into blood in response from hypothalamus
Hypothalamus ->
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE(ADH)
-> kidneys conserve water; constrict BV ->
KIDNEYS TUBULAR CELLS
Hypothalamus->
OXYTOCIN(OT)
->Contracts Smooth muscle of uterine wall; Myoepithelial cells are associated with milk secreting Glands->Uterus and Myoepithelial Cells
Pineal Gland: near upper portion of thalamus, responsible for
melatonin
and reg. of circadian rythums
Thymus Gland: between lungs, behind sternum, secretes
thymosins
related to immunity
Digestive Glands: Secrete hormones associated with stomach & small intestines
Heart: secretes atrial natriuretic peptide
Kidney: Erthropein for blood cell production