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The "C word" - PBL - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Lesions larger than 3 cm
        
        Features of smaller lesions (<30mm) that raise suspicion of lung cancer
        
        are
        
        Size
        
        Greater the size greater the risk
        
        Attenuation
        
        Subsolid more likely cancerous than solid
        
        Growth or stable size
        
        Growth greater than 2mm within 2 years indicate malignancy
      - Measurable growth in any nodule or mass
      - Pleural nodularity
      - Asymmetric or significantly enlarged hilar or paratracheal nodes
      - An area of consolidation thought to be pneumonia that fails to resolve with medical management
- - - - why?
        
        Detect anemia (presence suggests lung cancer)
    - - why?
        
        Detect Leukocytosis (presence suggest lung cancer)
    - - why?
        
        Detect thrombocytosis (presence suggest lung cancer)
  - - - Liver involvement by Metastatic lung cancer
      - Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung cancer
    - - Assessment of hepatic function prior to treatment
  - - - Elevation may indicate impaired kidney function
  - - - Imbalance may suggest paraneoplastic syndrome or metastases to adrenal gland
- - - - what is it?
        
        Pus containing neutrophils in the pleural fluid
    - - What is it?
        
        sanguinous inflammatory exudates (often occur with neoplastic involvement of the pleural cavity)
  - - - what is it?
        
        Clear and straw colour serous fluid in pleural cavity
    - - What is it?
        
        Escape of RBC into pleural cavity
        Most commonly caused by trauma
    - - what is it?
        
        Accumulation of milky fluid (lymphatic origin) in pleural cavity
- - - - Adenocarcinoma
        
        originates from
        
        Glandular cells in the lung airway lining
        
        histologically
        
        Glandular structures or acinar patterns
      - Squamous cell carcinoma
        
        originates from
        
        central part of the lung near bronchus
        
        histologically
        
        Large, flat cells with keratinization
      - Large cell carcinoma
  - - - Neuroendocrine cells
    - - Small round dark blue cells with minimal cytoplasm, packed together in sheets with nuclear molding
- - - - Apical lung tumor invading ribs, brachial plexus, cervical symathetic system
        
        causing
        
        Horners syndrome
  - - - Non metastatic systemic effects that accompany malignant disease
        
        causing
  - - - Hoarsenss
    - - diaphragm
  - - - compression of superior vena cava
        
        causing
        
        Distended neck and chest veins, edema of arm and face, facial plethura
- - - - what is it?
        
        Probability of an outcome in one group to the probability of the same outcome in second group
    - - what is it?
        
        Odds that a case was exposed compared to the odds that a control was exposed
    - - what is it?
        
        Type of survival analysis that compares the time taken for an adverse event to occur between exposure and control group
  - - - what is it?
        
        Absolute reduction in risk associated with receiving the treatment compared to not receiving it
    - - what is it?
        
        Number of patients that need to be treated with a specific intervention to prevent one additional bad outcome (1/AAR)
  - - - what is it?
        
        expressing the treatment effect in terms of standard deviation units
- - - - MOA
        
        work by adding alkyl groups to DNA, hindering cancer cell replication.
      - AE
        
        Hemorrhagic cystitis, ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy
    - - MOA
        
        Interfere with the availability of normal purine or pyrimidine nucleotide precursors.
      - AE
        
        Chemical conjunctivitis
    - - MOA
        
        Inhibit topoisomerase enzymes, a class of enzymes that reduce supercoiling of DNA
      - AE
        
        Diarrhea
    - - MOA
        
        Tyrosine Kinases is a family of enzymes involved in several important processes within a cell, including signal transduction and cell division.
      - AE
        
        anemia, thrombopenia and neutropenia
    - - MOA
        
        Prevent separation of chromosomes in metaphase causing apoptosis
      - AE
        
        Peripheral neuropathy
- - - - Bargaining
        
        Depression
        
        Acceptance