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Power and developments - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Military power is declining as a method of pursuing a state's interests - interstate conflict is decreasing and economic interdependence is rising
        
        States are more likely to resort to economic sanctions or trade agreements to extend their influence - in 2016, European states chose to use economic sanctions as their main tool in persuading Russia to withdraw its support for the Russian separatists
  - - - The UAE
        
        The UAE has actively sought to increase its soft power in recent years
        
        During the Covid pandemic, the UAE rolled out mass vaccination quickly and became the first country in the Middle East to produce vaccines
        
        It also began global vaccine distribution, primarily to Asia, Africa and the Middle East
        
        The UAE is one of the largest donors of foreign aid as a percentage of GDP
        
        The UAE has positioned itself as an international host - Dubai hosted COP28 in 2023
- - - - A multipolar world order
        
        In the 1970s, Japan and Germany emerged as leading economies, in the 1980s, the European Economic Community (now the EU) began to be recognised as a force in international relations
        
        More recently the BRICS have broken into the top twenty most developed countries in the world
        
        China's economy has grown rapidly since the market reforms of Deng Xiaoping beginning in 1978, in 2009, China became the world's largest exporter
        
        China became a nuclear power in 1964 and has the second largest military behind the US
        
        China's membership of the G20 has also led to this organisation being seen as more important than the G7
    - - A unipolar world order
        
        The US has the world's largest economy - the US' GDP was $25 trillion in 2022
        
        The US' military budget was $850 billion in 2024
        
        The US has structural power as the chief architect of international institutions such as the UN and IMF
        
        American values such as democracy and human rights are embraced across the world
- - - - Non-democratic states
        
        Non-democratic states lack democratic characteristics such as free and fair elections and the choice of alternative candidates and political parties
        
        China claims to be a democracy - there are elections to the National People's Congress and there is some choice of candidates, however rival political parties and pressure groups are banned
        
        Congress debates issues put forward by the State Council (the executive), but rarely attempts to amend or delay legislation, congress also does not scrutinise the activities of the State Council
        
        China also has no freedom of speech, the media is state-owned and criticism of the regime is suppressed
    - - Failed states
        
        A failed state is a state that is unable to operate as a viable political unit
        
        A state is identified as failed when: a state loses control of its territory, a government loses legitimacy and lacks authority to make collective decisions, a state is unable to provide basic services to citizens eg healthcare and education, a state is unable to interact with other states as a member of the international community
        
        Congo, Eritrea, Liberia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone and South Sudan have all been identified as failed states
        
        Somalia became a failed state when the Siad Barre regime collapsed in 1991 and civil war broke out between rival ethnic groups, and the country has since become a base for Islamic fundamentalist group Al-Shabab
        
        Provision of basic public services is very limited and the country has very poor healthcare and education systems
        
        Rogue states
        
        A rogue state is a state that is considered a pariah by the rest of the international community - rogue states defy international agreements and shun membership of international organisations, or are excluded because of their uncooperative behaviour
        
        North Korea's autocratic Stalinist-Communist political system follows the juche principle of self-sufficiency
        
        Movement in and out of the country is tightly controlled, the media is heavily censored and mobile phones are banned
        
        North Korea has developed a nuclear weapons programme to deter South Korea and the USA, but its posturing has led the USA and South Korea to strengthen their own military capability in the area - leading to the security dilemma
      - Consequences for the global order of different types of states
        
        According to Kant's Democratic Peace Theory, the increasing number of democratic states is an opportunity for peace and cooperation, he argued people do not like war and would not vote for representatives who support conflict
        
        Fukuyama claimed that conflict in the world would decline as more states adopted liberal democracy and capitalism
        
        Europe and North America are areas of the world which have had long periods of peace - supporting the claim wars between democracies are far less common
        
        The values of democracy and its structures are thought to promote 'zones of peace', such as the EU - the sharing of democratic values creates a cultural bond between states
        
        A great strength of democracy is that changes in government take place without violent revolution
        
        North Korea, a rogue state, views its neighbours as potential threats, which it seeks to minimise through self-imposed seclusion and the development of nuclear deterrent
        
        Its unique political system makes dialogue with other countries difficult, which fosters misunderstanding and mutual suspicion
        
        States react by building up their arms and holding military exercises in the vicinity to deter potential attack, however North Korea sees this as a threat and often launches missiles to demonstrate its ability to defend itself
        
        Undemocratic and autocratic states threaten global peace when democratic states become concerned about the treatment of citizens by the governments of these states
        
        China and Syria have been criticised by countries such as the UK and the USA for their treatment of political opponents - in Syria, these critics have recognised and supported rebel groups in their bid to topple the Assad regime
        
        The international community does not always agree on what action to take to protect human rights - this can lead to delays in humanitarian intervention, which can allow situations to fester and spill over into neighbouring states
        
        UN resolutions calling for intervention in the Syrian conflict in favour of the uprising have been blocked by China and Russia - resulting in a protracted civil war and a migrant crisis in Europe
- - - - Human rights
        
        During the rise of the New World Order and unipolarity in the 1990s, the US began policing protection of human rights in other states
        
        The US expelled forces of Saddam Hussein when Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 with UN backing
        
        The US sent troops into Somalia in 1992 to ensure humanitarian relief - however US troops were withdrawn in 1993 following the Battle of Mogadishu
        
        The environment
        
        Rapid economic growth of emerging powers has led to environmental damage due to heavy industrialisation, deforestation and increasing pollution - the developing world have prioritised economic growth over sustainable development
        
        However the 2015 Paris Agreement demonstrated the developed world's awareness of environmental dangers