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Chapter 3.4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Search and rescue
        
        Immediate life-saving responses to disasters
        
        Involves finding trapped survivors in buildings or disaster zones
        
        Aim is to rescue the greatest number of people in the shortest amount of time, while also ensuring that there is minimal risk to the rescuers themselves
        
        Skilled rescuers and specialised equipment are vital to speeding up the process of locating trapped survivors
        
        Without search and rescue, survivors would otherwise die from dehydration or their injuries
        
        Example: 2020 Aegean Sea Earthquake in Turkey, more than 8,000 search, rescue and first-aid teams were deployed, more than 106 people were rescued
      - Timely Evacuation
        
        Earthquakes
        
        People need to be evacuated away from buildings onto open spaces (Powerful aftershocks)
        
        People need to be evacuated into temporary shelter where medical resources, food and water are provided
        
        Tsunami
        
        People need to be evacuated to higher ground and away from the coast
        
        2011, Tohoku earthquake, in Japan, 3000 students in Kamaishi City survived as they were evacuated onto higher ground immediately after the earthquake struck
        
        Volcanic eruptions
        
        People need to be evacuated from the danger site of the volcano
        
        2010, Mount Merapi’s imminent eruption was issued scientists and Indonesia’s authorities organised massive evacuation efforts that comprised of more than 700 evacuation centres. The quick and massive evacuation efforts saved more than 100,000 lives
      - Provision of basic social and psychological needs
        
        Water shortages due to
        
        Rupture of pipes from ground shaking
        
        Volcanic ash and other debris can pollute water sources
        
        Introduces water borne diseases such as cholera
        
        2010 Haiti Earthquake resulted in disruption of water supply
        
        Psychological services
        
        Experiencing a disaster can lead to trauma from the loss of loved ones or homes
        
        Many survivors will need counselling to cope with the disaster and rebuild for the future
        
        With Psychological services, survivors cope with trauma, which can last for a long time after the disaster
    - - Restoration and improvement of facilities and living conditions
        
        Constructing hazards resistant buildings and infrastructure
        
        Retrofitting surviving buildings with hazard-resistant features
        
        Allowing residents to eventually return to their original homes, keeping communities intact after a disaster
        
        Providing housing assistance, which are hazard resistant and are of better quality, to those that lost their homes or were displaced
        
        Tohoku Japan, 2011 earthquake displaced about 500,000 people. By 2016, majority were rehoused in settlements with hazard-resistant features. In a port town, ground level sites for new houses were raised by ten metres and sea walls were built
    - - Lack of domestic resources
        
        The country may not have the financial and technological resources to effectively respond and recover from disasters
        
        It may hamper disaster response efforts, which can result in delays, leading to more lives lost
        
        During the earthquake in Haiti, the country had a lack of ambulances to transport the injured and also machinery to remove the rubble. This resulted rescue teams manually removing the rubble to rescue trapped people
      - Challenges in engaging with relevant stakeholders
        
        Authorities may face difficulties in getting stakeholders to collaborate and integrate disaster management strategies
        
        Disagreements with stakeholders
        
        Stakeholders underestimating the disaster risks and the need for certain disaster management strategies
        
        The high cost of integrating disaster management strategies into practices
        
        After the 2015 Nepal Earthquake, the government and opposition parties created a new public body, the National Reconstruction Activity, to oversee rebuilding. However, due to political disagreements, it took 9 months to appoint a leader for the organisation. Hence hindering recovery works in the country