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Psychology- Question 1 - Coggle Diagram
Psychology- Question 1
Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic motivation is when an athlete is motivated because they genuinely have a passion for their sport and want to succeed for themselves.
Extrinsic Motivaton
Extrinsic motivation is when an athlete is motivated by external factors such as money, medals, trophies, and fame.
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Over Motivation
Over motivation is when an athlete becomes obsessed with staying motivated, however this is rarely a positive.
Signs of over motivation
Over motivation can be spotted by an athlete displaying characteristics such as: social withdrawal, over training, and also developing a training addiction.
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Influence on motivation
Peers and family play a crucial part when it comes to an athletes motivation. This is because individuals are heavily influenced by those who are close to them, and wanting to make their family proud could be a big source of motivation.
The environment also has a substantial impact on an athletes performance. For example, if an athlete is surrounded by a positive environment they will typically be more enthusiastic therefore they will typically perform better. Another environmental factor which would impact an athletes motivation is the access to facilities in their area; this includes things such as gyms, football clubs etc.
TARGET
The acronym TARGET stands for Task, Authority, Reward Grouping, Evaluation, and Timing.
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Stress
There is two different types of stress, distress and eustress. Distress is defined as 'a state of emotional suffering characterized by anxiety'. Eustress is defined as 'the positive stress response, involving optimal levels of stimulation.'
Internal Stress Factors
Internal factors of stress include: thoughts, feelings, beliefs, illness, and insomnia.
External Stress Factors
External factors of stress include: negative social interactions, major life events (e.g. death), negative environments, and uncertainty of events.
Anxiety
Anxiety is defined as 'a feeling of unease, worry or fear.'
Somatic Anxiety
Somatic anxiety is the physical manifestation of anxiety (physical symptoms). These include increased blood pressure, muscular tension, adrenaline surge, nausea, and distorted vision.
Cognitive Anxiety
Cognitive anxiety refers to how anxiety mentally affects an individual. Examples of this include confusion, indecision, irritability, constant dissatisfaction, and fear.
Behavioural Anxiety
Behavioural anxiety is how anxiety affects the way an individual acts. This includes things such as nail biting, lethargic movements, uncharacteristic displays of extroversion, and the avoidance of eye contact.
State Anxiety
State anxiety is anxiety which is situationally relevant, and is a result of situational fear.
Trait Anxiety
Trait anxiety is a general disposition to respond to a relatively unthreatening situation, with a disproportionately high level of state anxiety.
Aggression
Assertive Behaviour
Assertive aggression is when an athlete plays within the rules of the game at a very high intensity with no intent to harm their opponent.
Hostile
Hostile aggression is when an athlete deliberately harms their opponent and displays anger, with the intention of winning.
Instrumental
Instrumental aggression is aggression which is shown, where the athlete has the intent to harm but there is no anger, with the intention of winning
Relational
Relational aggression is when an athlete manipulates and damages social relationships, with the intent to harm others. Examples of this include spreading rumours and forming alliances.
Theories of Aggression
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Social Learning Theory
Social learning theory refers to the theory that viewers (for example young athletes) see elite athletes acting a certain way (displaying anger and aggression etc), and they then believe that it is socially acceptable.
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Self Confidence
Self Confidence is defined as 'the belief that you can successfully perform a desired behaviour. Athletes that allow even the smallest amount of doubt into their mind will likely see a decrease in their performance.
Self Esteem
Self esteem is how much we value ourselves as individuals. It is typically based on our opinions and beliefs that we have of ourselves, which are usually difficult to change.
Self Efficacy
Self efficacy is defined as an individual's belief in their capacity to act in the ways necessary to reach specific goals, and is a situation-specific part of self-confidence. Self efficacy will predict actual performance if necessary skills and incentives are present.
Mindset
Dwecks Theory
Dwecks theory is a theory which claims that an individuals mindset is one of two things; growth and fixed.
Growth Mindset
A growth mindset is where an athlete is willing to learn from their mistakes and listens to constructive criticism because they want to develop and grow. This can be developed through dedication and hard work.
Fixed Mindset
A fixed mindset is when an athlete believes that their skills and qualities are 'set in stone' and that they will not develop as an athlete.
Resilience
Resilience is an individuals ability to 'bounce back' after a mistake, or when something doesn't go as planned. Athletes need to be resilient, because in sport it does not always go to plan, so they need to be able to mentally cope with this when it happens.
Perfectionism
Perfectionism is defined as 'striving for flawlessness and setting excessively high standards for performance, alongside overcriticising'
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Group Dynamics
There are two different types of groups; these are coactive and interactive. A coactive group is a group which are all working towards the same general goal, however they do not need to work together to do this. An example of this is a country competing in the Olympics. An interactive group is a group of people who work together as a team to achieve a goal. Examples of this are team sports such as football, rugby, netball, etc.
Leadership
Leadership is defined as 'an athlete occupying a formal or informal role within a team, who influences a group of team members to achieve common goals'.
Autocratic
An autocratic leader is a leader who does not consider the opinions of those who their decision may affect.
Emergent
An emergent leader refers to a leader who typically gains their position through skills and experience (e.g. captains)
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Prescribed
Prescribed leaders are leaders who are appointed the role by higher authority such as managers, coaches, teachers.