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Plant Parts - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Gymnosperms
      - Angiosperms
      - Seed ferns
    - - Similar genes
    - - Eventually fuses (evolution)
  - - - 2 different spore sizes
      - Before seeds
    - - First integuments - telomes
      - Second integuments - phyllad origin
    - - Survival of 1 megaspore
    - - microphyle
  - - - Water not required
      - Exine prevents dessication
      - Some with air bladders
      - Pollen tube
        
        Hautoria
        
        Feeds on nucellus (parasitic)
        
        2 sperms enter tube. 1 fertilizes
        
        Can be a long process
        
        Direct delivery
        
        Pollen tube directed by synergids
        
        Feeds on nucellus (gymnosperms)
        
        Feeds on style (angiosperm)
      - Angiosperm
        
        3 celled, tube cell generative cell
  - - - "Naked seeds"
      - Integuments (1)
      - Ovule sits on sporophyll
    - - 2 integuments
      - Megagametophyte = egg sac
        
        2 polar
        
        Become endosperm (triploid fuses with other sperm)
        
        2 synergids
        
        Guide pollen tube
        
        3 antipodals (sometimes nutritive)
        
        1 egg
        
        Eventually zygote
    - - Both single megasporocyte
      - Both single megaspore
      - Angiosperm (double fertilization) difference
  - - - One cotyledon
      - Lots of endosperm
      - Integuments become seed coat
    - - 2 cotyledons
      - Lots of endosperm, integuments become seed coat
- - - - 2+ whorls of anthers
    - - 5+ carpels
    - - Likely aquatic
      - 124.6bya
  - - - Stamens (male)
      - Carpels (female)
      - Petals (sterile)
        
        Together = corolla
        
        Absent in wind pollinated
      - Sepals (sterile)
        
        Together = Calyx
        
        Modified leaf
        
        Protective
  - - - Perianth & stamens on receptacle beneath ovary
    - - Perianth & stamens from top of ovary
    - - Perianth & stamens adnate to calyx
    - - Hermaphroditic = perfect
      - Monoecious = male flowers and female flowers on the same plant
      - Dioecious = male flowers on plant, female flowers on different plant
      - Male = androecious
      - Female = gynoecious
  - - - Colors
        
        Requires energy to make pigments
        
        Some UV
      - Smell
        
        Pheremones
        
        Some have scent glands
      - Shape
        
        Zygomorphic = irregular
        
        Actinomorphic = radical symmetric
      - Blooming time
        
        Diurnal = day
        
        Nocturnal = nightime
      - Rewards
        
        Nectar
        
        Pollen (nitrogen for bee)
        
        Oil
    - - Anemophily
        
        Wind
        
        No colors, nectar, scent
        
        No pollen, easily airborne
      - Hydrophily
        
        Water
        
        Copious, heavy pollen
        
        Small flowers
      - Melittophily
        
        Bee
        
        Colors, nectar, daytime, sweet scent
      - Psychophily
        
        Butterfly
        
        Brightly colored, ample nectar, clusters of small flowers
      - Phaelonophily
        
        Moth
        
        Night
        
        White
        
        Heavy scent
      - Myophily
        
        Fly
        
        Pale and dull to dark purple/brown
        
        Putrid scent
      - Ornithophily
        
        Bird
        
        Lots of deep nectar, moderate pollen
        
        Odorless
      - Chiropterophily
        
        Bat
        
        Night
        
        Large, pale or white, very fragnant, copious nectar
      - Cantharophily
        
        Beetle
        
        Bowl shaped
        
        White to dull green
        
        Moderate nectar, can be large, strongly fruity
  - - - Mesocarp
      - Endocarp
      - Exocarp
  - - - Bouyant
      - Large airspaces
    - - Active
        
        Fleshy, provides nutrients
        
        Seeds end up in excrement
      - Passive
        
        Hooks that catch onto fur
    - - Lightweight
      - Parachute
    - - Gravity
- - - - Anchors
      - Some mineral intake (minimal)
    - - May have root hairs
      - No root cap
  - - - Primary root
        
        Derived from radical
      - Lateral root
        
        Adventitious
        
        Derived from stems and leaves
        
        Seminal
        
        Derived from mesocotyl
    - - Apical meristem
        
        Quiescent center
        
        Rarely divides
        
        Maintains structure of initials (cells that divide frequently)
        
        Backup plan - can turn meristemic
        
        Behind root cap
      - Divisions
        
        Zone of elongation
        
        vacuolization
        
        Zone of differentiation
        
        Fully mature, root hairs
        
        Zone of division
        
        Apical meristem division
      - Root cap
        
        :
        
        Protective
        
        Secrete mucilage
      - Pericycle
        
        Inside endodermis
        
        Pluripotent
        
        Allows growth of lateral roots
      - Root hairs
        
        Single-celled
        
        Absorption of minerals and water
        
        Short lived
      - Cortex
        
        Large storage area
        
        Bound by endodermis and epidermis
      - Endodermis
        
        Casparian strip
        
        Prevents apopplastic water movement (not between cells)
        
        Force water to be filtered by cell membranes
  - - - No root hair
      - No root cap
      - Still has some common features (epidermis, cortex, endodermis, stele, xylem, phloem)
    - - Diversity
      - Pith in center with ground tissue
      - Stele bound by endodermis
      - Cortex
    - - No pith
      - Diversity
      - Endodermis
      - Cortex
- - - - Lack efficient vascular transport in leaves
      - Low stomata densities
      - Burnt up leaves
        
        Evolved to have more stomas = evaporation cooling
    - - Lycophytes
        
        Enation theory
        
        Epidermal growth slowly gains vascular strand
      - Euphyllophytes
        
        Zimmerman telome theory
        
        Overtopping (unequal branching, main and side branches)
        
        Planation (same plane)
        
        Webbing (thin tissue develops between branches to be come mesophyll)
      - Evolved independently
  - - - Ground tissue
      - Chloroplasts
    - - Aquatic = bouyancy
      - Gas exchange
      - Ground tissue
      - Air spaces from digested cells
    - - Ground tissue
      - Thickened primary cell walls
      - Flexible support, bundle sheath of some veins
    - - Xylem (water)
      - Phloem (photosynthate)
      - Depends on taxonmic group for arrangement
      - In veins
    - - Protection
      - Dermal tissue
  - - - Microphyll
      - Single vascular trace (center of blade)
      - Mesophyll surrounding vascular bundle
    - - Veins surrounded by bundle shealth
      - Mid vein and several side veins
      - Adaxial (outer) and abaxial (towards stem) epidermis
      - Cuticle
      - Bulliform cells - manipulates tonicity (response to high temp)
    - - Upper and lower epidermis
      - Cuticle
      - Mesophyll
        
        Spongy
        
        gas exchange
        
        Palisade
        
        photosynthesis
      - Veins
        
        Bundle sheath cells
        
        Xylem on top, phloem on bottom
- - - - Water from soil to atmosphere
      - Evaporation of water from stoma
      - Major for water cycle
    - - Based on free energy of water
      - Water from less negative to more negative
      - pressure potential + osmotic pressure + matric pressure
    - - Water evaporates out of stoma into atmosphere
        
        Water potential differential
      - Water draw from vein from xylem to mesophyll
        
        Water potential gradient
      - Water enters through root hairs via osmosis
        
        Hypotonic soil solution
      - Water passes through endodermis
        
        Casparian strip = makes water be filtered
        
        Prevents embolism and foreign invaders
        
        Water pulled up steam under tension
        
        Unbroken because of cohesion
  - - - Fruits
      - Apical meristem
    - - Creates water potential gradient
        
        Water enters seive tube (turgor pressure)
        
        Pressure pushes to sink
      - Requires energy
      - Moves as sucrose
      - Help from companion cells