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Biology, THE CYTOSKELETON AND CELL SURFACES, Chemical Bonds, CHAPTER 12,…
Biology
LIFE
Order
Emergent properties
6.Organ/Organ systems
4.Population
8.Cell
2.Ecosystem
7.Tissue
3.Community
9.Organelle
1.Biosphere
10.Molecule/Atoms
5.Organism
Reproduction
Growth/Development
3 Domains of life
.
Bacteria
Eukarya
.
Archaea
.
Energy processing
Regulation
Response to environment
Evolutionary Adaptation
CHAPTER 1
Science
Independent & Dependent variable
.
Hypothesis
Experiments
Data
Theory
Natural & Artificial Selection
THE CYTOSKELETON AND
CELL SURFACES
Chapter 4
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INTRO TO THE CELL
3 Parameters
Light Miscroscope
Electron Microscope
Cell/ Plasma Membranes
Organelles
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THE NUCLEUS & RIBOSOMES
DNA-Messenger RNA-Protien Synthesis
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Chromosome
Chapter 5
Membrane structure and Function
cell membranes are fluid
Selective permeability
Cell transport
Bulk Transport ( endocytosis) energy required*
osmosis (energy isn't required)
Diffusion *no energy is required
Diffusion (energy isnt required)
Chapter 7
Photosynthesis
endergonic
Light= H2O +CO2 ----> C6H12O6+O6
Light Reaction
Photon
Chlorophyll absorbs energy gives it out (electrons)
Pigments absorbs light energy ( to do photosynthesis work)
Calvin Cycle
1) Carbon fixation
2)Reduction
3) release of G3P
4) regenerate RuBP
CAM (adapts to heat best)
Tonicity
hypertonic
hypotonic
Isotonic (animals prefer this (equalilbrum))
hydrophilic (polar, can't cross cell membrane due to water)
Hydrophobic (non polar diffusion across cell membrane)
facilitated diffusion (puts proteins in concentration) no energy required*
Energy and the cell
kinetic energy (energy of motion)
potential energy (stored energy)
Thermodynamic
Entropy
Enzymes (protein catalyst)
Cytoskeleton
Microtubles
Microfilaments
Filaments
Cilia & Flagella
ECM
Glycoproteins + integrins
3 Types of junctions
Cell wall
Chapter 6
Cellular Respiration
1) Glycolysts
2) Pyrurate Oxidation
3) Citric acid Cycle
4)Oxidative Phosphorylation
Products H2O
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Chemiosmosis
brown fat
Exergonic
Fermentation
Chemical Bonds
Ionic
Covalent
Nonpolar Covalent
Polar Covalent
Hydrogen bonds
CHAPTER 12
Genomics & Bionformatics
DNA can be
sequenced directly
Whole-genome
shotgun sequencing
Bioinformatics
Study of complete Gene sets
Human Genome
Project (HGP)
nucleotide sequence of DNA in human genome and
the location and sequence of every gene
Proteomics for protein sets
Genbank
Gene cloning and Editing
Biotechnology
• DNA technology
• GMOs
• Recombinant DNA
Nucleic acid probe
cDNA (identify the genes that are being
transcribed by a particular cell at a given moment)
Genetically Modified Organisms
Bacteria, yeast, cell cultures, and whole animals
modified to make
products for medical and other uses
DNA technology has changed medicine/vaccines
DNA technology provides drugs/medicine in much larger quantities than can be
naturally obtained
GMOs
potential health risks
Gene therapy
treats diseases by introducing new genes in afflicted person
DNA Profiling
determine whether two samples of DNA came from the same
individual.
Strs
PCR/Primers
amplify a DNA sample
Gel electrophoresis
sorts DNA
molecules by size
CHAPTER 8
Chapter 9
Mendals Law
Independent assortment
Dominance/Uniformity
Segragation
4 Hypothesis
1) alternative types of genes
2) each character inherit two alles
3) if two alls differ on determine appearance and one doesnt
4) a sperm/egg carries only all for each inherited character
Traits
Homozygous
Heterozygous
characters= gene
Rules of Probability
mutiplication
addition
Chromosomes
Female (X linked gene)
Male(SRY gene)
Insects (XO gene)
Birds (ZW)
Variables on Mendelian Genetics
1)incomplete dominance complete romance
2) Codomiance
3)Pleiotrophy
4) Polygenic inheritance
Punnet Square
monohydrid cross
genotype
phenotype
Chapter 10
Structure of Genetic Materials
nucleic acid
Monomers= nucleotides
Polymers= polynucleotides
DNA (ATCG) deoxyribose
RNA (AUCG) ribose
Polyromidnes are C,U, and T
Proteins
genetic material can be transferred
DNA Replication
typically in nucleus
Helicase ( unzipping enzymes)
DNA Polymase ( Builder)
Primase( inutilizar)
Ligase (the glue)
Enzymes
Genetics of Viruses/ Bacteria
Lytic Cycle (makes many viruses ands to it popping and spreading)
Lysogenic cycle (hides inside genetic material and later on does lytic cycle)
Rna virus
plant virus
vaccines ( train immune system for when you gets sick)
retrovirus
Bacteri uses transformation,transduction, conjugation
prions are infectious proteins
DNA>>>RNA>>>Proteins
Transcription( DNA>>RNA)
Translations (RNA>>>Proteins)
Gene
Codons are translated to amino acids
mutations can affect genes
mRNA
rRNA
Meiosis & Crossing Over
Somatic cells
Homologous chromosomes & Locus
Diploid
Gametes
Haploid
Meiosis I (1 st division)
Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1
Meiosis II (2nd division)
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Random Fertilization
2n x 2n
Cell Division and Reproduction
Sexual & Asexual Reproduction
Binary Fission
Cell replicates single chromosome
Copies move
Plasma membrane pinches forward
Parent cell divides into 2 daughter cells
The Eukaryotic Cell & Mitosis
Chromasome & Chromatin
Cell Cycle
Growing out of control cells
Tumers
Malignant
Metastasis
Cancer
Mitosis
Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase,
Anaphase, Telophase (PPMAT)
Alterations Of Chromosome # & Structure
Karyotype
White blood cells
Stimulated to grow
Isolated
Arrested at metaphase
arranged into ordered pairs so
abnormalities can be detected
.
Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
Vesicles
Organelles
Lyosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Peroxisomes
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
.
Mitochondria
Internal Membrane
Mitochondrial Matrix
Chloroplasts
Endosymbiont theory
PROTONS,NUETRONS, & ELECTRONS
Isotopes
Radioactive Isotopes
CHAPTER 11
Control Of Gene Expression
Gene Regulation
Operons
Regulatory Protiens
.
Break done of mRNA
Regulatory proteins for translation
Protein Proccessing
Cells differentiate
Histones + DNA → nucleosomes
• Packed up DNA = no expression
• X chromosome inactivation
Eukaryotic Transcriptions
Use activators
Protein assisting RNA polymerase
miRNAs
Degrade complementing mRNAs
Block translation of partially complementing mRNAs
siRNAs
RNA interference of translation, formation of centromere,methylation for gamete formation
Homeotic gene
Animal development controlled by series of RNAs
and proteins
Cloning of plants & Animals
Clone
Totipotent
Regeneration
Reproductive sale
Therapeutic cloning
Embryonic stem cells
Adult stem cells
The Genetic Basis of Cancer
Proto-oncogene → oncogene
Tumor- Suppressor genes
From genetic changes & affects cell cycle/oncogene& affects cell cycle control system/Tumor suppressor
.
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
Polynucleotides
.
CHAPTER 3
PROTIENS
4 Structures
Denaturation= Structure unraveling
Amino Acids
Protien/Polypeptide
Embedded Proteins
LIPIDS
Phospholipids
Steriods
Fats
Hydrophobic
CARBOHYDRATES
Monosaccharide
Polysaccharide
Disaccharide
INTRO TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Dehydration
Polymers
Monomers
.
Isomers
Hydrocarbons
Cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes that began living within larger cells
Chapter 2
Elements, Atoms, & Compounds
Trace elements
Emergent properties
Sodium + Chlorine+ Sodium chloride
CHONPCa
**WATER'S LIFE SUPPORTING PROPERTIES
Cohesion & Adhesion
Temperature
Ice Floats
Solvent
.
C6H12O6 ---> H20+CO2 (ATP)
By Lizzy Appiah Kubi & Leslie Herrera Anorve
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