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BLOOD - Coggle Diagram
BLOOD
COMPOSITION
FUNCTION
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serves as a number of functions:
DISTRIBUTION - O2, waste, hormones, nutrients
REGULATION - pH, temp, fluid
PROTECTION -clotting, immunity
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BLOOD PLASMA
Approx. 90% water; >100 dissolved solutes
Proteins - plasma proteins; Albumin
Globulins - a, β transport proteins; γ antibodies
Clotting Proteins - Fibrinogen; Prothrombin
Non-proteins - Urea; Lactic Acid; Creatinine
Nutrients - Carbs; AAs; FA; Glycerol; Vitamins
Electrolytes - Na+; K+; Ca2+; Mg2+; Cl-; HCO3-
Gases - Respiratory O2 & CO2
Other - Enzymes; Antigens; Antibodies; Hormones
Concentration varies constantly (Dynamic)
FORMED ELEMENTS
Refers to 'cellular' elements of blood
- Erthrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets
Erythrocytes
- Red blood cells (incomplete cells)
Red blood cells (RBCs)
- 7.5μm in diameter; Biconcave; Flattened
Mature erythrocytes:
- bound by plasma membrane
- lack a nucleus
- have no organelles
- rich in haemoglobin (Hb)
Chief function is gas transport
FORMATION
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3 main phases:
- Haemocytoblast (stem cell)
- Proerythroblast (committed cell)
- Developmental pathway
Phases 1: Ribosomes synthesis (erythroblast)
Phase 2: Hb & Fe accumulation (normoblast)
Phase 3: Ejection of nucleus (reticulocyte)
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Leukocytes
- White blood cells (complete cells)
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
- 10-24μm; Spherical in nature
Granulocytes (Bound granules)
Neutrophils - Phagocytise bacteria
Eosinophils - Kill parasitic worms
Basophils - Mediators of inflammation
Agranulocytes (Lack granules)
Lymphocytes - Immune response via attack or antibodies
Monocytes - Migratory phagocyte
Chief function is defence against disease
- Bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins, tumor cells
Thrombocytes
- Platelets (cellular discoids)
Cell fragments (Plaelets)
- 2-4μm in diameter; rough discs
Mature platelets:
- Bound by a plasma membrane
- Lack a nucleus
- Age rapidly; Degenerate in 10 days if not used
- Rich in granules aiding clotting process (Serotonin)
The chief function is blood clotting
- When blood vessels or their linings are injured
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Haemoglobin
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Each heme's central iron atom binds one O2
- Each Hb molecule can transport 4 O2
O2 loading in lungs
- Produces oxyhemoglobin (ruby red)
O2 unloading in tissues
- Produces deoxyhemoglobin (dark red)
CO2 loading in tissues
- 20% of CO2 in blood binds to Hb
HAEMOSTASIS
Haemostasis
'Haema' (blood) & 'stasis' (halt)
- Cessation of bleeding
- Also called blood clotting
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PLATELET PHASE
Platelets stick to:
- Sticky endothelial surfaces (basal lamina)
- Exposed collagen fibres
Platelet adhesion
- Attach to exposed surfaces
Platelet aggregation
- Platelets stick to each other
Seals break in vessel wall
COAGULATION PHASE
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Fibrin network covers plug
- Seals injury
- Forms blood clot
- Traps blood cells
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Clot Retraction
- Platelets contract within fibrin mesh
- Clot reduces in size
- Takes 30-60 mins