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socialism - Coggle Diagram

- - - - proletariat overthrow capitalism and in transitional phase dictatorship of the proletariat will occur
        
        after transitional period state will wither and die - society based on common ownership will emerge
  - - - need for administrators and specialists to organise socialist society - technocratic elite
    - - working class votes for socialist parties begins to instigate social economic and political reform - socialist society
  - - - made a reality by keynesian economics - ensured economic growth and employment - expand welfare state and achieve social justice
- - - - people naturally inclined to work together in order to produce best results for society as a whole
      - underpinned by belief in fraternity and community
        
        find pleasure and fulfilment in work that focuses on cooperation and collectivism rather than individualism and competition
    - - abolishing would allow common humanity to flourish - exploitation removed
      - webb create a society were the exploitative impacts of capitalism reformed
      - neither SD or TW as pessimistic about capitalism impact on common humanity as RS - capitalism can be reformed and harnessed for greater good
        
        SD state should organise society in ways that will redistribute wealth
        
        TW greater emphasis on public services such as education ensures greater equality of opp
  - - - strong trade union movement to ensure needs of workers not overlooked in decision making process
      - state should provide all things that cooperatives cannot - healthcare, education, welfare and transport
    - - industrial relations
        
        TW - unions exist to preserve fair practice in workplace - wages are market driven
        
        SD - trade unions with strong bargaining rights to stop exploitation
      - education
        
        TW - increased spending and emphasis on life long learning - uni students expected to help fund cost of tuition via fees
        
        SD - widespread comprehensive education
      - healthcare
        
        TW - universal healthcare unsustainable - prescription charges and private healthcare
        
        SD - national health service provides universal healthcare - free paid for by general taxation
      - key industries
        
        TW - free market is most efficacious way to run business - not support for renationalising privatised industries
        
        SD - key utilities gas water, coal etc under gov control and operate in the collective interests of all - private industry exempt from collectivism
  - - - capitalist society leads to economic inequality due to rigid class structure - economic wealth determined by social position
    - - individuals are entitled to equal changes to make the best of their abilities
        
        TW - no barriers for success for those with talent - great emphasis on education and targeting vulnerable in society
        
        RS dismiss as impossible to achieve without a communist revolution
    - - SD - economic rewards should be more evenly distributed to give individuals similar outcomes
        
        rejected by RS not going far enough TW would act as a disincentive to wealth creators in society
        
        difference in rewards less than in a free market economy - reduce income inequality
    - - RS - all individuals receive the same rewards as long as the contributions they make to society are made to the best of their ability
        
        viewed as extreme by other strands
        
        could only exist post revolution
  - - - capitalists parasites profiting from exploitation, alienating workers from their labour
      - state not neutral but actively reinforced oppressive relationship through laws etc.
      - differences in social classes cannot be reconciled in capitalists system - revolution inevitable
    - - shared marx social class analysis, but argued that the nature of the state could be altered from serving capitalisation to socialism - nationalisation, progressive taxation, narrow class divisions
    - - nationalisation compromised individual freedoms - make the socialist state and dull functional nightmare
      - fairer distribution of wealth and equality (social justice) individual could thrive in society that would eventually become classless
      - loathed inequality in UK class system
    - - supported arguments of crosland adding that investment in education is key to removal of social classes - fair system of possibility distribution
- - - - clear agreement that state plays key role in both society and economy
    - - SD - state play role in managing economy using keynesianism to manage growth and employment - unlike webb crosland saw positive role for private enterprise and believed in mixed economy - state tax revenues of capitalism via income tax etc. and fund welfare state
      - giddens rejected cybernetic model of socialism whereby state acts as artificial brain that manipulates economy and society - opposed nationalisation and keynesian solutions, fail to acknowledge that free market was more efficient and successful than state managed capitalism
        
        state less involved in economy - free markets create greater tax revenues that state managed ones
      - webb - state would silently change character - highly trained administrative class rather than workers organise society and economy
      - avoid dependency culture giddens argued for less extensive welfare state 'positive welfare' state offered hand up not hand out - increasing spending on education BUT paying of tuition fees
      - giddens - believed in social investment state - proceeds of economic growth invested in infrastructure - improve equality of opp
      - RS see state as tool of the bourgeoisie which reinforced inequality of capitalism - state cannot be reformed only a revolution will ensure socialist society
        
        M and E post revolution period of transition in which state will wither and die - stateless society based on common ownership emerges - peak of human achievement
        
        luxemborg - disagree with M and E - capitalist state should be replaced by socialist state based on democratic elections and free speech
      - ES state can remodel society without revolution
        
        webb - state could reform via parliamentary democracy instigating socialist reform - state would bring economy under common ownership - society to socialism
  - - - must respond to negative effects of capitalism and be remodelled
      - directly affects individuals and that working condition and unequal distribution of wealth can have a harmful effect upon human nature
      - should be based on equality - ensures economic fairness reinforcing collectivism and satisfies basic human needs
      - society can be remodelled so that it embraces greater equality and cooperation
    - - crosland - disagree with webb idea of society organised by trained elite - idea infringed on individual liberty - nationalisation economically counter productive - mixed economy with progressive taxation to fund welfare state - share economic benefits in society
      - webb - society gradually reformed in interests of social justice via government - implement highly trained elite to organise socialist society
      - crosland - M dialects of historical materialism not present in post war UK society or economy - rather than seeking revolution inequality and class division minimised by reform
      - DS - webb disagree with RS society should be reformed by ES not by revolution - revolutions chaotic, inefficient and counterproductive to society
      - crosland - idea for society focused on equality of opp - attitude on education - all students have same educational experience comprehensive schools
      - TW giddens - narrower focus on equality of opp than SD - concentrate on social investment in infrastructure and education - free market capitalism positive for society when reconciled with community and social justice
      - giddens - societal community fundamental to offset negative effects of free market globalisation - community brings cohesion social values and responsibility - citizens stakeholders
      - M and E - state used religion, patriotism and enfranchisement to weaken class consciousness in society
      - RS - society cannot be reformed by ES because capitalism is too exploitative to be rehabilitated - liberal democracy democratic swindle as state controlled by bourgeoisie
      - RS M and E - ideas and values of capitalism have infected society to extent where revolution is only alternative
      - giddens - achieve stake holder society through focus on increased equality of opp in education, active welfare rather than passive welfare - provide opportunities for disadvantaged rather than dependency
      - giddens - new labour focus on increased access to higher education and replace crosland comprehensives with academy schools
      - all other branches of socialism find it difficult to reconcile neo liberal aspects of TW with own socialist outlooks
  - - - optimistic view of human nature that believes individuals possess a common humanity essentially rational social creatures gravitate to cooperate and sociability
      - human nature not fixed but easily shaped by individuals environment - human nature determined by society - capable of remodelling HN in positive and negative way
      - unreformed capitalism negative effect on HN indoctrinates selfish, individualistic and greedy behaviour
      - not all individuals have identical abilities or needs
    - - RS perceive state as only having negative effect on human consciousness by explicit support for capitalism ES argue that character of state can be altered for positive force
      - webb - HN guided back to natural cooperative essence by gradual reform of the state - ensure common ownership
      - luxemburg - communist world of M and E would not perfect human consciousness and argued that potential for corruption still remained unless there were checks on power
      - corsland - disagreed with webb - common ownership would infringe individual liberties - focused on inequality of class system (exacerbated by capitalism) - solution was greater social equality to foster cooperation and community
      - luxemburg agreed that corrosive effects of capitalism on HN were present disagreed that revolution was needed - need for democracy post revolution
      - M and E argued that individuals deformed by capitalism cannot reach true human potential - only solution revolution to destroy capitalism - emerging socialist society would be built on transformed human consciousness of communal society - common ownership
      - giddens - disagree with webb for same reasons as crosland - but argued for "communitarianism" - coupling of individualism and free market that would increase wellbeing and sense of responsibility to others
      - giddens critical of how SD inadvertently created dependency culture - focused on state offering opportunities for individual via education and training - escape dependency and poverty
  - - - capitalism can be exploitative and lead to ineqaulity
      - economy must be structured so that works in interests of all society
    - - SD - redistribute wealth resources opportunities via public ownership public services (financed by progressive taxation)
      - crosland SD - mixed economy rather than increased public ownership - state managed economy and keynesian economics - ensure growth and full employment - proceeds spend on expanding welfare state
      - giddens TW - progressive taxation which reached 83% for high earners in 1974 under labour gov inhibited wealth creation and economic growth - reduction to 40%
      - webb - state ensures national minimum in relation to wages and quality of life - economy taken into common ownership via mass nationalisation - equality of outcome
      - giddens - abandonment of state managed keynesian economics and accepted privatisation of formerly nationalised utilities - higher revenues generated could fund public spending
      - TW advocates for equality fo welfare (to lesser extent than SD) argues for regulated economy to reinforce workers rights
      - webb - economy managed by highly trained elite rather than workers themselves - paternal socialist governing class
      - SD - webb argue against revolution insisting that socialist state could be achieve via reform of economy
      - TW argues for free market participation in delivery of public services - free market more efficient
      - RS capitalism has corrupted state and society cannot be reformed only solution is for revolution - economy remodelled - workers control and absolute equality
      - RS believe that capitalism and PP will be overthrown and replaced by common ownership ES state can deliver reform to achieve equality in society
- - - - proletariat
        
        exploited by bourgeoisie
      - bourgeoisie
  - - - state economic intervention via keynesian regulation of economy - ensure full employment and growth
      - welfare state - redistribute wealth and challenge poverty/social inequality
      - supporting mixed economy - nationalised industry and privately owned companies - attlees labour gov 1945-51