centrality of social class - ideas of historical materialism, dialectic change and revolutionary class consciousness

humans are social beings - nature is socially determined and how true common humanity can only be expressed under communism

after transitional period state will wither and die - society based on common ownership will emerge

evolutionary socialism and revisionism are not possible - capitalism based on economic relationship of exploitation

struggle by the proletariat for reform and democracy - creates class consciousness necessary for the overthrow of the capitalist society and state

evolutionary socialism flaws as it would leave capitalist economy in tact - continued exploitation

historical materialism flawed as capitalism not need to reach a final stage before abolishing

rejected dictatorship of the proletariat post revolution there should be free elections and democracy built on common ownership

inevitability of gradualness - gradualist parliamentary strategy for achieving evolutionary socialism

workers control achieved by evolutionary means - revolutions are chaotic, inefficient and counter productive

working class votes for socialist parties begins to instigate social economic and political reform - socialist society

need for administrators and specialists to organise socialist society - technocratic elite

creation of comprehensive schools to ensure equality - cater for all abilities and break down social segregation of grammar schools

inherent contradictions of capitalism - does not drive social change but managed capitalism can deliver social justice and equality

made a reality by keynesian economics - ensured economic growth and employment - expand welfare state and achieve social justice

rejection of state intervention - acceptance of free market in the economy emphasis on equality of opportunity over absolute equality and community of class conflict

role of the state - social investment in infrastructure and education rather then social and economic engineering

individuals become stakeholders and both have rights and responsibilities in society

greater equality of opp - free market wealth used to fund infrastructure and public services - social inclusiveness would provide opportunities for disadvantaged - increased access to higher education, replacing comprehensives with academy schools

people naturally inclined to work together in order to produce best results for society as a whole

find pleasure and fulfilment in work that focuses on cooperation and collectivism rather than individualism and competition

abolishing would allow common humanity to flourish - exploitation removed

webb create a society were the exploitative impacts of capitalism reformed

SD state should organise society in ways that will redistribute wealth

TW greater emphasis on public services such as education ensures greater equality of opp

humans work more effectively in groups than they would individually

SD 'cooperative federalism' businesses owned by customers that have a say in decision making - receive dividends from any profits made

crosland - suspicious of collectivism espoused by RS and webb - threatened individual freedom

strong trade union movement to ensure needs of workers not overlooked in decision making process

state should provide all things that cooperatives cannot - healthcare, education, welfare and transport

TW - offers weaker collectivist solution to societal and economic problems than RS - influenced by neo liberal ideas importance of negative freedom

TW - universal healthcare unsustainable - prescription charges and private healthcare

SD - national health service provides universal healthcare - free paid for by general taxation

TW - unions exist to preserve fair practice in workplace - wages are market driven

SD - trade unions with strong bargaining rights to stop exploitation

TW - increased spending and emphasis on life long learning - uni students expected to help fund cost of tuition via fees

TW - free market is most efficacious way to run business - not support for renationalising privatised industries

SD - key utilities gas water, coal etc under gov control and operate in the collective interests of all - private industry exempt from collectivism

capitalist society leads to economic inequality due to rigid class structure - economic wealth determined by social position

rejected by RS not going far enough TW would act as a disincentive to wealth creators in society

difference in rewards less than in a free market economy - reduce income inequality

TW - no barriers for success for those with talent - great emphasis on education and targeting vulnerable in society

RS dismiss as impossible to achieve without a communist revolution

capitalism creates and reinforces harmful social class divisions that results in societal hierarchies

capitalists parasites profiting from exploitation, alienating workers from their labour

state not neutral but actively reinforced oppressive relationship through laws etc.

differences in social classes cannot be reconciled in capitalists system - revolution inevitable

shared marx social class analysis, but argued that the nature of the state could be altered from serving capitalisation to socialism - nationalisation, progressive taxation, narrow class divisions

nationalisation compromised individual freedoms - make the socialist state and dull functional nightmare

fairer distribution of wealth and equality (social justice) individual could thrive in society that would eventually become classless

supported arguments of crosland adding that investment in education is key to removal of social classes - fair system of possibility distribution

M and E RS - in immediate after math of revolution formerly exploited worker in control - interim stage would see society and economy embrace cooperative collective and fraternal values - communist society and economy would emerge - no need for workers control as communism would be free from exploitation

webb SD - not believe in workers control - workers incapable of holding such responsibility - critical of 1920s guild socialism that advocated for state nationalisation under workers control - workers lack intellectual capability to organise such an enterprise - common ownership would entail the workers controlling the means of production clause 4

crosland SD - capitalism reformed of most exploitative traits - comfortable with mixed economy - entrepreneurs could thrive and pay taxation to fund a welfare state - unwilling to sanction further nationalisation, threaten individual liberty and economically counter productive - supported reform of clause 4

giddens TW - workers control = impractical for similar reasons to webb and crosland - average worker lacked skills and expertise to lead of manage workplace successfully - influenced reform of clause 4 dropping of commitment to common ownership and workers control

optimistic view of human nature that believes individuals possess a common humanity essentially rational social creatures gravitate to cooperate and sociability

human nature not fixed but easily shaped by individuals environment - human nature determined by society - capable of remodelling HN in positive and negative way

unreformed capitalism negative effect on HN indoctrinates selfish, individualistic and greedy behaviour

RS perceive state as only having negative effect on human consciousness by explicit support for capitalism ES argue that character of state can be altered for positive force

webb - HN guided back to natural cooperative essence by gradual reform of the state - ensure common ownership

luxemburg - communist world of M and E would not perfect human consciousness and argued that potential for corruption still remained unless there were checks on power

corsland - disagreed with webb - common ownership would infringe individual liberties - focused on inequality of class system (exacerbated by capitalism) - solution was greater social equality to foster cooperation and community

luxemburg agreed that corrosive effects of capitalism on HN were present disagreed that revolution was needed - need for democracy post revolution

M and E argued that individuals deformed by capitalism cannot reach true human potential - only solution revolution to destroy capitalism - emerging socialist society would be built on transformed human consciousness of communal society - common ownership

giddens - disagree with webb for same reasons as crosland - but argued for "communitarianism" - coupling of individualism and free market that would increase wellbeing and sense of responsibility to others

economy must be structured so that works in interests of all society

SD - redistribute wealth resources opportunities via public ownership public services (financed by progressive taxation)

crosland SD - mixed economy rather than increased public ownership - state managed economy and keynesian economics - ensure growth and full employment - proceeds spend on expanding welfare state

giddens TW - progressive taxation which reached 83% for high earners in 1974 under labour gov inhibited wealth creation and economic growth - reduction to 40%

webb - state ensures national minimum in relation to wages and quality of life - economy taken into common ownership via mass nationalisation - equality of outcome

giddens - abandonment of state managed keynesian economics and accepted privatisation of formerly nationalised utilities - higher revenues generated could fund public spending

TW advocates for equality fo welfare (to lesser extent than SD) argues for regulated economy to reinforce workers rights

webb - economy managed by highly trained elite rather than workers themselves - paternal socialist governing class

SD - webb argue against revolution insisting that socialist state could be achieve via reform of economy

TW argues for free market participation in delivery of public services - free market more efficient

RS capitalism has corrupted state and society cannot be reformed only solution is for revolution - economy remodelled - workers control and absolute equality

RS believe that capitalism and PP will be overthrown and replaced by common ownership ES state can deliver reform to achieve equality in society

giddens critical of how SD inadvertently created dependency culture - focused on state offering opportunities for individual via education and training - escape dependency and poverty