We measure the position of stars by astrometry, which is the action of measuring one stars' position by measuring its distance and direction relative to a reference star

By obtaining luminosity, we can roughly know a stars' size, without having to know its angular size.

We can also obtain orbital radius by Kepler's Third Law.

Effective temperature is the temperature calculated by Stefan-Boltzmann's Law corresponding to the same amount of a stars' bolometric flux

Color temperature is obtained by curve fitting of a stars' flux-versus-frequency graph

It's hard to obtain a stars' age. But if the star is in a cluster, then we're able to estimate its age by plotting every star in the cluster on the HR Diagram.